Improved marine‐derived POM availability and increased pH related to freshwater influence in an inland sea

Lowe, Alexander T.; Roberts, Emily A.; Galloway, Aaron W. E.

doi:10.1002/lno.10357

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…For development of methods and for an estimate of retrieval of hatchlings when there was no sediment, chambers were tested in unfiltered running seawater piped from San Juan Channel, with salinities of 26–28 ppt, similar to those in Argyle Lagoon, and temperatures of 14–16°C, lower than those in the lagoon. Salinities were similar to those usual in San Juan Channel, outside the lagoon (Lowe et al ).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 79%

A field experiment demonstrating risk on the seafloor for planktonic embryos

Zacher

Strathmann

2018

Limnology & Oceanography

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Most solitary marine eggs are shed into the plankton. Presumably the seafloor is more dangerous than the plankton for small solitary embryos, but estimates of benthic mortality of solitary embryos are few. To assess risk, we introduced suspensions of sinking, early stage embryos into conical chambers whose basal surfaces differed in mesh size and distance of mesh from the sediment surface. Surviving embryos hatched as blastulae and swam upward into an apical collection tube, later removed for counting. Test embryos were of a clypeasteroid echinoid. The two test sites, within a coastal lagoon in the NE Pacific, differed in sediments. At both sites, mean proportion of embryos retrieved was 0 and near 0 in chambers floored with 0.9 mm and 0.08 mm meshes at the sediment surface, but greater in chambers floored with a 0.08 mm mesh about 6 cm above the sediment (0.40 and 0.42) and also with a different chamber design with finer (0.055 mm) mesh at the sediment (0.42). Mean proportion retrieved was still greater (0.68 and 0.67) with chambers floored with a complete barrier at the sediment surface and similar to retrieval with chambers in laboratory aquaria without sediment. Estimated mortality rates for embryos on the sediment exceeded published estimates from the plankton. The results support the hypothesis that solitary eggs are released to the plankton because of benthic risks. This method can be used at varied sites on the seafloor, with varied embryos, and with varied protective barriers to test the generality of these results.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 79%

A field experiment demonstrating risk on the seafloor for planktonic embryos

Zacher

Strathmann

2018

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Seawater samples collected from the San Juan Channel during the time of the experiment (July 26 and July 28, 2016) had a pH of 7.92 and 8.01 respectively. Thus, the pH of the control flasks was representative of the ambient seawater during the time of the experiment and similar pH values have been observed in these waters during the summer and spring when there is a drop in salinity [ 23 , 30 ]. Three treatment mesocosm flasks were kept at a lower pH range of 7.60 ± 0.05 standard error by bubbling in a mixture of ambient air (5.5 L/min) and CO 2 (5.0 mL/min) for one hour twice a day at 9:30 am and 9:30 pm ( Fig 1 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…It would be interesting to replicate this study during different seasons. Given that the ambient pH in this region tends to be more acidic during the fall and winter [ 23 , 30 ], the microbial community may show seasonal adaptation to pH and show no reduction in species richness or evenness with experimental acidification during these seasons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During that two-year time frame, those values dropped to as low as 400 μatm pCO 2 and pH 7.6 [ 23 ]. Surface water pH values in this region reach their highest levels (> 8.0) in the spring and summer months when salinity drops as a result of freshwater influxes [ 30 ]. Naturally reoccurring high pCO 2 and low pH in the Salish Sea could pose a significant selection pressure on microbial cell physiology (proton pumps, membrane transporters, RubisCo specificity, CCM efficiency, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acidification decreases microbial community diversity in the Salish Sea, a region with naturally high pCO2

Crummett

2020

PLoS ONE

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Most literature exploring the biological effects of ocean acidification (OA) has focused on macroscopic organisms and far less is known about how marine microbial communities will respond. Studies of OA and microbial community composition and diversity have examined communities from a limited number of ocean regions where the ambient pH is near or above the global average. At San Juan Island (Salish Sea), a region that experiences naturally low pH (average = 7.8), the picoplankton (cell diameter is 0.2–2μm) community was predicted to show no response to experimental acidification in a three-week mesocosm experiment. Filtered seawater mesocosms were maintained via semicontinuous culturing. Three control mesocosms were maintained at pH 8.05 and three acidified mesocosms were maintained at pH 7.60. Total bacteria was quantified daily with a flow cytometer. Microbial communities were sampled every two days via filtration followed by DNA extraction, 16S rRNA amplification, and MiSeq sequencing. There was no significant difference in total bacteria between pH treatments throughout the experiment. Acidification significantly reduced Shannon’s diversity over time. During the final week of the experiment, acidification resulted in a significant decrease in Shannon’s diversity, Faith’s phylogenetic distance, and Pielous’s Evenness. ANCOM results revealed four bacterial ASVs (amplicon sequence variants), in families Flavobaceriaceae and Hyphomonadaceae that significantly decreased in relative frequency under acidification and two bacterial ASVs, in families Flavobacteriaceae and Alteromonadaceae, that significantly increased under acidification. This is the first OA study on the microbial community of the Salish Sea, a nutrient rich, low pH region, and the first of its kind to report a decrease in both picoplankton richness and evenness with acidification. These findings demonstrate that marine microbial communities that naturally experience acidic conditions are still sensitive to acidification.

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“…Salinity varies in the Salish Sea (Lowe et al. ). Salinity of water for maintaining adults and rearing larvae at this location was 29 to 30 ppt.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of age at metamorphosis on the transition from larval to adult suspension‐feeding of the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata

Pechenik

Strathmann

2017

Invertebrate Biology

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Slipper limpets use different ciliary feeding mechanisms as larvae and adults. Veliger larvae of Crepidula fornicata developed part of the adult feeding apparatus, including ctenidial filaments, neck lobe, and radula, before metamorphosis, but ctenidial feeding did not begin until well after loss of the larval feeding apparatus (velum) at metamorphosis. Earlier initiation of ctenidial feeding by individuals that were older larvae when metamorphosis occurred suggests continued development toward ctenidial feeding during delay of metamorphosis. Early juveniles produced a ciliary current through the mantle cavity and moved the radula in a grasping action before they began to capture algal cells on mucous strands or form a food cord. Either early juveniles could not yet form mucous strands or they delayed their production until development of other necessary structures. The neck canal for transporting food from ctenidium to mouth cannot develop before velar loss. In their first feeding, juveniles fed much like the adults except that the neck canal was less developed and the path of the food cord toward the mouth sometimes varied. As suspension feeders, calyptraeids lack the elaborations of foregut that complicate transition to juvenile feeding for many caenogastropods, but a path for the food cord must develop after velar loss. Why individuals can initiate ctenidial feeding sooner when they are older at metamorphosis is not yet known. The juveniles became sedentary soon after metamorphosis and were not observed to feed by scraping the substratum with the radula, in contrast to the first feeding by juveniles of another calyptraeid species, observed by Montiel et al. ().

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Improved marine‐derived POM availability and increased pH related to freshwater influence in an inland sea

Cited by 17 publications

References 83 publications

A field experiment demonstrating risk on the seafloor for planktonic embryos

A field experiment demonstrating risk on the seafloor for planktonic embryos

Acidification decreases microbial community diversity in the Salish Sea, a region with naturally high pCO2

The effect of age at metamorphosis on the transition from larval to adult suspension‐feeding of the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata

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