Improved LORA Modulation Output in LEO Satellite Internet of Things

Kiki, Mesmin J. Mbyamm; Iddi, Ibrahim

doi:10.1007/s42835-021-00949-5

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…bands at 433 MHz and 868 MHz using a single channel, part of the LoRa standard for terrestrial and satellite communications [52]. The bar plots in Figure 7 delineate the revisit time for IoT nodes stationed at varied latitudes on Mars, representing the interval required for satellites in the constellation to reestablish communication with given IoT nodes on the Martian surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Architectural Framework and Feasibility of Internet of Things-Driven Mars Exploration via Satellite Constellations

Ledesma,

Lamo,

Fraire

et al. 2024

Electronics

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This study outlines a technical framework for Internet of Things (IoT) communications on Mars, leveraging Long Range (LoRa) technology to connect Martian surface sensors and orbiting satellites. The designed architecture adapts terrestrial satellite constellation models to Martian environments and the specific needs of interplanetary communication with Earth. It incorporates multiple layers, including Martian IoT nodes, satellite linkage, constellation configuration, and Earth communication, emphasizing potential Martian IoT applications. The analysis covers four critical feasibility aspects: the maximum communication range between surface IoT nodes and orbiting satellites, the satellite constellation’s message processing capacity to determine IoT node volume support, the communication frequency and visibility of IoT nodes based on the satellite constellation arrangement, and the interplanetary data transmission capabilities of LoRa-based IoT devices. The findings affirm LoRa’s suitability for Martian IoT communication, demonstrating extensive coverage, sufficient satellite processing capacity for anticipated IoT node volumes, and effective data transmission in challenging interplanetary conditions. This establishes the framework’s viability for advancing Mars exploration and IoT in space exploration contexts.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the IoT node on Mars, the transmission power is set to 14 dBm, with a transmitting antenna gain of 2.15 dBi and a receiving antenna gain of 22.6 dBi. We evaluated the LoRa bands at 433 MHz and 868 MHz using a single channel, part of the LoRa standard for terrestrial and satellite communications [52].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Architectural Framework and Feasibility of Internet of Things-Driven Mars Exploration via Satellite Constellations

Ledesma,

Lamo,

Fraire

et al. 2024

Electronics

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show abstract

“…LoRa (short for Long Range) is a particular LPWAN protocol which is well suited for power constrained devices, which transmit small data packets. Communication over LoRa can achieve a very low power consumption for transmission of data up to 20 km; however, models and experimental research show that even further transmission, e.g., to low orbit satellites, may be viable [5,8,9]. This provides promise for the deployment of highly remote devices which can provide useful environmental data-often referred to as Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSNs)-and would have otherwise required a nearby network infrastructure to be enabled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Pathways to Minimize Sensor Power Usage for the Internet of Remote Things

Majcan,

Ould,

Bennett

2023

Sensors

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The Internet of Remote Things (IoRT) offers an exciting landscape for the development and deployment of remote wireless sensing nodes (WSNs) which can gather useful environmental data. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) provide an ideal network topology for enabling the IoRT, but due to the remote location of these WSNs, the power and energy requirements for such systems must be accurately determined before deployment, as devices will be running on limited energy resources, such as long-life batteries or energy harvesting. Various sensor modules that are available on the consumer market are suitable for these applications; however, the exact power requirements and characteristics of the sensor are often not stated in datasheets, nor verified experimentally. This study details an experimental procedure where the energy requirements are measured for various sensor modules that are available for Arduino and other microcontroller units (MCUs). First, the static power consumption of continually powered sensors was measured. The impact of sensor warm-up time, associated with powering on the sensor and waiting for reliable measurements, is also explored. Finally, the opportunity to reduce power for sensors which have multiple outputs was investigated to see if there is any significant reduction in power consumption when obtaining readings from fewer outputs than all that are available. It was found that, generally, CO2 and soil moisture sensors have a large power requirement when compared with temperature, humidity and pressure sensors. Limiting multiple sensor outputs was shown not to reduce power consumption. The warm-up time for analog sensors and digital sensors was generally negligible and in the order of 10–50 ms. However, one CO2 sensor had a large overhead warm-up time of several seconds which added a significant energy burden. It was found that more, or as much, power could be consumed during warm-up as during the actual measurement phase. Finally, this study found disparity between power consumption values in datasheets and experimental measurements, which could have significant consequences in terms of battery life in the field.

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“…In order to accomplish LoRaWAN networks over large distances, a star of stars network topology is typically utilised with several gateways [ 6 ]. Recently simulation has been completed showing that LoRa with appropriate modulation improvements can be used for reliable satelite communications in low earth orbit applications [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Performance Analysis and Modelling of LoRa Prototyping Boards

Ould

Bennett

2021

Sensors

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LoRaWAN has gained significant attention for Internet-of-Things (IOT) applications due to its low power consumption and long range potential for data transmission. While there is a significant body of work assessing LoRA coverage and data transmission characteristics, there is a lack of data available about commercially available LoRa prototyping boards and their power consumption, in relation to their features. It is currently difficult to estimate the power consumption of a LoRa module operating under different transmission profiles, due to a lack of manufacturer data available. In this study, power testing has been carried out on physical hardware and significant variation was found in the power consumption of competing boards, all marketed as “extremely low power”. In this paper, testing results are presented alongside an experimentally-derived power model for the lowest power LoRa module, and power requirements are compared to firmware settings. The power analysis adds to existing work showing trends in data-rate and transmission power settings effects on electrical power consumption. The model’s accuracy is experimentally verified and shows acceptable agreement to estimated values. Finally, applications for the model are presented by way of a hypothetical scenario and calculations performed in order to estimate battery life and energy consumption for varying data transmission intervals.

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Improved LORA Modulation Output in LEO Satellite Internet of Things

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Architectural Framework and Feasibility of Internet of Things-Driven Mars Exploration via Satellite Constellations

Architectural Framework and Feasibility of Internet of Things-Driven Mars Exploration via Satellite Constellations

Investigating Pathways to Minimize Sensor Power Usage for the Internet of Remote Things

Energy Performance Analysis and Modelling of LoRa Prototyping Boards

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