“…Nevertheless, no matter what kinds of contexts are being faced, enhancing the estimation accuracy and reliability is a common goal that most SI methods pursue, and so does the typical SI method—inverse distance weighting (IDW) 1 , 5 , 15 – 21 . In general, the interpolation accuracy of the conventional IDW or its variants could be improved by choosing a set of appropriate parameters such as the search model of local samples or observed data 3 , 22 – 24 , the type of distance metric 19 , 25 , 26 , and the exponent imposed on the distance 7 , 22 , 23 , 27 , 28 . One exception is that such parameters are not available for traditional IDW when an uneven sampling rule (which is commonly used in geosciences) is the dominant factor that leads to its low-accuracy estimates.…”