“…On the one hand, quadratic assignment problems are widely used in practice, and many real-world problems can be formalized as quadratic assignment problems, such as integrated circuit wiring [2][3], factory location layout [4], typewriter keyboard design, task scheduling [5][6], etc. On the other hand, some classical NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, such as the traveling salesman problem, the triangulation problem, and the Max Clique problem, can also be transformed into quadratic assignment problems [7][8][9][10][11].…”