Improved gas chromatography–negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in hair using mechanical pulverization and bead-assisted liquid–liquid extraction

Hair analysis for THCA‐A, THC and CBN after passive in vivo exposure to marijuana smoke

“…Besides incorporation through the bloodstream during hair formation, drugs can also get incorporated into the permanent hair through external sources such as dust, smoke, contaminated hands, sweat, or sebum. [10][11][12][13][14][15] This may be due to the very low incorporation rate for THC-COOH into hair, being the lowest of all the drugs tested in a rat model by Nakahara [16] with an up to a 3600-fold difference in the incorporation rate compared to hydrophilic basic drugs such as cocaine or morphine (THC not tested). Even for metabolites which are actually products of hydrolysis (e.g.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5] A common way applied for many drugs to avoid such problems is to analyze at least one characteristic drug metabolite proving body passage next to the parent compound. [10,12,13,17,18] In many cases it cannot be detected at all despite the presence of high THC concentrations even when extremely sensitive methods are applied [18,19] or after confirmed consumption. benzoylecgonine/cocaine), it is assumed with high probability that no significant external contamination occurred if the ratio of the metabolite to the parent compound is above a certain cut-off.…”

Methadone and Illegal Drugs in Hair From Children With Parents in Maintenance Treatment or Suspected for Drug Abuse in a German Community

“…63 65 Han et al 66 Considering these data, the cannabis results of the present study show that THC concentrations in hair of children can Benzodiazepines All hair samples were tested for diazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, bromazepam, lorazepam, alprazolam, and a-hydroxyalprazolam. Eight childrens' hair samples contained diazepam (0.012-0.085 ng/mg).…”

Analytical approaches for the determination of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids in human matrices

“…[90][91][92] Despite the low concentrations, the determination of THC-COOH has been shown to be crucial in distinguishing between passive drug exposure and active consumption since this metabolite is formed exclusively within the body. [90][91][92] Despite the low concentrations, the determination of THC-COOH has been shown to be crucial in distinguishing between passive drug exposure and active consumption since this metabolite is formed exclusively within the body.…”

“…[95] Recently it has been suggested that another possibility to identify external contamination is the detection of a specific marker, i.e. [96] To date the only techniques that are able to reach the cut-off of 0.2 pg mg -1 recommended by SoHT for THC-COOH determination are GC-MS/MS, using electron impact (EI) ionization mode [97,98] or negative ion chemical ionization (GC-NCI-MS/MS), that allows a further increase of the sensitivity [90][91][92] and GC/GC-MS. [99] LC-MS/MS has been used in phytocannabinoids hair analysis just in the last few years, [100][101][102] THC-COOH was included only in one study, [103] but the LOQ obtained is significantly higher than the cut-off values and the method can be applied only for chronic use studies. [96] To date the only techniques that are able to reach the cut-off of 0.2 pg mg -1 recommended by SoHT for THC-COOH determination are GC-MS/MS, using electron impact (EI) ionization mode [97,98] or negative ion chemical ionization (GC-NCI-MS/MS), that allows a further increase of the sensitivity [90][91][92] and GC/GC-MS. [99] LC-MS/MS has been used in phytocannabinoids hair analysis just in the last few years, [100][101][102] THC-COOH was included only in one study, [103] but the LOQ obtained is significantly higher than the cut-off values and the method can be applied only for chronic use studies.…”