Improved Efficiency of Red Mud Processing through Scandium Oxide Recovery

Petrakova, O. V.; Panov, А. V.; Gorbachev, Sergey N.; Klimentenok, Gennadiy N.; Perestoronin, Aleksey V.; Vishnyakov, Sergey E.; Anashkin, Vyacheslav S.

doi:10.1002/9781119093435.ch17

Cited by 12 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The use of red mud as a secondary source of CRM is still in its infancy. Previous studies mostly focused on one element (often Sc) or a limited group of elements. This study first assessed the overall minor and major metal content in terms of the maximum economic potential being extractable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red mud as secondary source for critical raw materials – extraction study

Ujaczki

Zimmermann

Gasser

et al. 2017

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND Red mud is a by‐product of alumina extraction from bauxite by the Bayer process produced in the billion tons scale worldwide. Red muds, or more generally bauxite residues, are regarded as waste, but may potentially be valuable sources of critical raw materials (CRM). In the present study both conventional extracting agents (mineral acids) and small molecular weight complexing agents (organic acids) were evaluated regarding their efficiency to extract CRM such as rare earth elements (REEs) from red mud. On a molar base, highest extraction efficiencies for REEs were achieved using HCl compared with the other acids investigated. Consequently, an experimental design approach was used to determine optimal conditions for CRM extraction using HCl. Instead of maximizing the extraction of a number of selected metals, the maximum economic potential as the sum of all metals (total metal extracted × economic value of the respective metal) was chosen as the application relevant response variable. Four explanatory variables (i.e. HCl concentration, contact time, temperature and slurry concentration) were used. RESULTS Optimal conditions maximizing the economic potential were predicted for 5.98 mol L−1 HCl, 21 h contact time, 50°C, and 56.7 g L−1 slurry concentration. Indeed, experimentally determined economic potential corresponded well (71% of predicted) with the predictions, allowing a maximum recovery of 297.6 US $ t−1. CONCLUSION Though the studied red muds were relatively low in CRM concentrations, the systematic approach developed here allows straightforward transfer to other red muds, harnessing the potential of the latter as important secondary source for CRM. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red mud as secondary source for critical raw materials – extraction study

Ujaczki

Zimmermann

Gasser

et al. 2017

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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“…Therefore, a large number of studies have been dedicated to the recovery of rareearth metals from various types of bauxite residue [37] obtained by processing various bauxites in the Bayer method and its variations. However, the low content of scandium in the red mud, the high content of alkali and alkaline earth metals, and the simultaneous recovery of iron together with REE [38] or low extraction efficiency [39,40] render the existing methods for extracting scandium from this type of industrial waste non-viable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration of Rare Earth Elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm) in Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Water and Alkali Leaching of Bauxite Sintering Dust

et al. 2020

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One of the potential sources of rare-earth elements (REE) is the industrial waste known as red mud (bauxite residue), in which the majority of REE from the initial bauxite are concentrated via the Bayer process. Therefore, the studies of the subject, both in Russia and outside, focus almost exclusively on red mud processing. This article looks into the possibility of REE concentration into red mud by leaching an intermediate product of the bauxite sintering process at Russian alumina refineries, namely electrostatic precipitator (ESP) dust. The experimental works were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD)and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of the sinter and sinter dust. The determination of major and rare-earth elements in the sinter from the rotary kilns and in the ESP dust before and after leaching was carried out by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study showed that it is possible to obtain red mud that contains three times more REE than traditional waste red mud after two-stage leaching ESP dust in the water at 95 °C followed by leaching in an alkaline-aluminate liquor at 240 °C. The shrinking core model was used to study the kinetics of leaching of the original ESP dust and water-treated dust in alkaline-aluminate liquor. The study showed the change in the limiting stage of the alkaline leaching process after water treatment, with the activation energy growing from 24.98 to 33.19 kJ/mol.

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“…Hydrometallurgical treatment is the most commonly used technique for REE (including Sc) recovery from BR [21,22]. Several conventional mineral [3,4,[17][18][19][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] and organic acids [3,28], as well as alkaline solvents (Na 2 CO 3 ) [30], have been studied. The use of organic acids shows very low recovery yields, while alkaline solvents hinder the following ion exchange and solvent extraction processes for Sc isolation and purification [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of Sulfuric Acid on Selective Scandium Leachability from Bauxite Residue

Ochsenkuehn-Petropoulou

Tsakanika

Lymperopoulou

et al. 2018

Metals

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Bauxite residue (BR) is a well promising resource for critical metals, especially scandium (Sc), a rare and expensive metal with increasing applications in advanced technology. Greek BR seems to significantly favor a commercially viable recovery of Sc combining optimized leaching and advanced separation techniques. Leaching with mineral acids emerges as the dominant selection compared to other techniques. This study investigates an optimized leaching condition set for Sc recovery, using the most advantageous option of sulfuric acid. The main target is to develop a leaching scale-up process to be established in the premises of Mytilineos S.A. (formerly Aluminium of Greece, the largest Greek alumina and aluminum producer), taking into account the feed requirements of a subsequent advanced ion exchanged procedure. Several parameters were studied individually or combined in order to achieve high Sc concentration in the leachate and to ensure selectivity, especially concerning iron. The most significant parameters prove to be the solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L), the final pH value, and the leachate’s recycling. The proposed process, with low molarities of sulfuric acid and ambient conditions, integrates rapidly, leading to high and selective Sc recovery. Finally, a leaching process flow diagram under continuous operation on an industrial scale is developed.

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Improved Efficiency of Red Mud Processing through Scandium Oxide Recovery

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Red mud as secondary source for critical raw materials – extraction study

Red mud as secondary source for critical raw materials – extraction study

Concentration of Rare Earth Elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm) in Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Water and Alkali Leaching of Bauxite Sintering Dust

Efficiency of Sulfuric Acid on Selective Scandium Leachability from Bauxite Residue

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