Improved Drinking Water Quality after Adding Advanced Oxidation for Organic Micropollutant Removal to Pretreatment of River Water Undergoing Dune Infiltration Near the Hague, Netherlands

Removal of nanoparticles (both inorganic nanoparticles and nanoplastics) in drinking water treatment – coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation, and sand/granular activated carbon filtration

“…The surfaces of the nanoplastics were either plain (uncharged) or modified with carboxyl groups (COOH) which commonly occur on weathered plastics 30 and by which the latter were more negatively charged. Inorganic nanoparticles (nAu, nAg) were analyzed using an ICP-MS type X Series II (Thermo Fisher, Scientific, Breda) in single particles mode with a dwell time of 10 ms. [42][43][44] The system was calibrated with citrate-capped nAg (20 ng L −1 ) and nAu (51 ng L −1 ) dispersions. The average size of these particles was between 48 and 50 nm (see Fig.…”

“…ATP measurements were carried out according to the procedure described by Timmers et al 42 Coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (CFS) experiments CSF Experiments were carried out twice in a setup with six identical Perspex 2 L beakers, containing baffles to create ideal mixing profiles with known g-forces during mixing and the formation of flocs. These beakers were filled with 1.8 L of water (Table 1) to which NPs had been added.…”