One of the most commonly used bonds between
two biomolecules
is the bond between biotin and streptavidin (SA) or streptavidin homologues
(SAHs). A high dissociation constant and the consequent high-temperature
stability even allows for its use in nucleic acid detection under
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions. There are a number of
SAHs available, and for assay design, it is of great interest to determine
as to which SAH will perform the best under assay conditions. Although
there are numerous single studies on the characterization of SAHs
in solution or selected solid phases, there is no systematic study
comparing different SAHs for biomolecule-binding, hybridization, and
PCR assays on solid phases. We compared streptavidin, core streptavidin,
traptavidin, core traptavidin, neutravidin, and monomeric streptavidin
on the surface of microbeads (10–15 μm in diameter) and
designed multiplex microbead-based experiments and analyzed simultaneously
the binding of biotinylated oligonucleotides and the hybridization
of oligonucleotides to complementary capture probes. We also bound
comparably large DNA origamis to capture probes on the microbead surface.
We used a real-time fluorescence microscopy imaging platform, with
which it is possible to subject samples to a programmable time and
temperature profile and to record binding processes on the microbead
surface depending on the time and temperature. With the exception
of core traptavidin and monomeric streptavidin, all other SA/SAHs
were suitable for our investigations. We found hybridization efficiencies
close to 100% for streptavidin, core streptavidin, traptavidin, and
neutravidin. These could all be considered equally suitable for hybridization,
PCR applications, and melting point analysis. The SA/SAH–biotin
bond was temperature-sensitive when the oligonucleotide was mono-biotinylated,
with traptavidin being the most stable followed by streptavidin and
neutravidin. Mono-biotinylated oligonucleotides can be used in experiments
with temperatures up to 70 °C. When
oligonucleotides were bis-biotinylated, all SA/SAH–biotin bonds
had similar temperature stability under PCR conditions, even if they
comprised a streptavidin variant with slower biotin dissociation and
increased mechanostability.