Improved dispersion of cellulose microcrystals in polylactic acid (PLA) based composites applying surface acetylation

Mukherjee, Tapasi; Sani, Marc‐Antoine; Kao, Nhol; Gupta, Rahul; Quazi, Nurul H.; Bhattacharya, S. N.

doi:10.1016/j.ces.2013.07.032

Cited by 75 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This reduction in complex viscosity for UFC/S and UFC/T could have been a result of decreased polymer molecular entanglement density, causing a small disruption in the polymer chain entanglement network (Hatzikiriakos et al 2005). This observation was in agreement with Mukherjee et al (2013) for microcrystalline-filled PLA composites. It was also observed that η* was neither similar nor lower than the neat HDPE for composites, including those with the coupling agent (Fig.2b) and processed with MB methods (Fig.…”

Section: Rheological Propertiessupporting

confidence: 79%

Characterization of Ultrafine Cellulose-filled High-Density Polyethylene Composites Prepared using Different Compounding Methods

Boran¹,

Kızıltaş²,

Kiziltas³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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An extensional flow mixture (EFM) system was studied, with the goal of achieving better distributive and dispersive mixing. The effects of different mixing strategies (masterbatch method (MB), polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) as a compatibilizer, and compounding devices, such as a single screw extruder (SSE), a twin screw extruder (TSE), and an extensional flow mixer (EFM)) on the mechanical, thermal, rheological, and morphological properties of ultrafine cellulose (UFC)-filled highdensity polyethylene (HDPE) composites were investigated. Maximum tensile strength (17.7 MPa), tensile modulus (0.88 GPa), flexural strength (18.8 MPa), and flexural modulus (0.63 GPa) were obtained from the MB compounding method. The maximum stress-strain (13.8%) was obtained with EFM compounding. Polymer composites from SSE and SSE/EFM compounding methods with PE-g-MA exhibited slightly higher crystallinity compared with other compounding methods. The storage modulus of the samples prepared with the MB method was higher than those prepared with the SSE compounding method. The UFC-filled HDPE composites from the EFM compounding process exhibited lower melt viscosities than the other composites at high shear rates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed the cellulose to be distributed and dispersed reasonably well in the HDPE matrix when using a coupling agent in combination with the MB and EFM compounding methods.

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Section: Rheological Propertiessupporting

confidence: 79%

Characterization of Ultrafine Cellulose-filled High-Density Polyethylene Composites Prepared using Different Compounding Methods

Boran¹,

Kızıltaş²,

Kiziltas³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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“…[19][20][21][22][23] Chemical modification is more effective and permanent than physical methods because chemical bonds can be formed between the reactive groups of various added fillers and the hydroxyl groups on the MCC surface, yielding stable links between the components and effective alteration of the surface chemistry. [24][25][26] Mukherjee et al 27 reported a method of improving the dispersion of MCC in a PLA matrix by surface acetylation. They demonstrated that, compared to pure MCC, the modified MCC acted as a nucleating agent in PLA based composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallisation, mechanical properties and rheological behaviour of PLA composites reinforced by surface modified microcrystalline cellulose

Cao

et al. 2016

Plastics, Rubber and Composites

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Microcrystalline cellulose chemically modified by 3-isocyanatopropyl triethoxysilane (K-MCC) was incorporated as reinforcement into a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix to prepare PLA/K-MCC composites by melt blending. X-ray diffraction showed that PLA's crystalline structure was not affected by the added K-MCC, but its degree of crystallinity increased somewhat. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that, when 5 wt-%K-MCC was added to PLA, the crystallisation of PLA improved greatly, and the degree of crystallinity reached a maximum of 39.4%, which exceeded that of pure PLA. Mechanical testing revealed that the tensile strength, modulus and heat distortion temperature of PLA also increased significantly after modified MCC was added, and the optimum mechanical properties of the composite were obtained. Dynamic rheological tests revealed shear thinning behaviour in the PLA/K-MCC composites. With increasing shear rate, more obvious shear thinning was observed because of more homogeneous dispersion of K-MCC with fewer hydroxyl groups in the PLA matrix.

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“…Therefore, this study provides a novel approach of aligning the magnetic CNCs in the hydrophobic polymeric matrix by application of low magnetic fields.The effect of MGCNC alignment on the crystalline properties of PLA was studied using XRD analysis (as shown inFigure 3(a)). PLA is a semi-crystalline polymer which is evident from the amorphous hump along with the presence of crystalline peaks at 16.3° and 18.8°, corresponding to α-PLLA crystallites with (010) and (110/200) planes49 . Incorporation of the MGCNCs into the PLA matrix led to slight increase in the intensity of the peak at 2Ɵ=16.3°, along with the presence of the amorphous hump.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Cellulose Nanocrystal Based Anisotropic Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite Films: Influence on Electrical, Magnetic, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties

Dhar

Kumar

Katiyar

2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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This paper reports a single-step co-precipitation method for the fabrication of magnetic cellulose nanocrystals (MGCNCs) with high iron oxide nanoparticle content (∼51 wt % loading) adsorbed onto cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopic studies confirmed that the hydroxyl groups on the surface of CNCs (derived from the bamboo pulp) acted as anchor points for the adsorption of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The fabricated MGCNCs have a high magnetic moment, which is utilized to orient the magnetoresponsive nanofillers in parallel or perpendicular orientations inside the polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. Magnetic-field-assisted directional alignment of MGCNCs led to the incorporation of anisotropic mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties in the fabricated PLA-MGCNC nanocomposites. Thermomechanical studies showed significant improvement in the elastic modulus and glass-transition temperature for the magnetically oriented samples. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and XRD studies confirmed that the alignment of MGCNCs led to the improvement in the percentage crystallinity and, with the absence of the cold-crystallization phenomenon, finds a potential application in polymer processing in the presence of magnetic field. The tensile strength and percentage elongation for the parallel-oriented samples improved by ∼70 and 240%, respectively, and for perpendicular-oriented samples, by ∼58 and 172%, respectively, in comparison to the unoriented samples. Furthermore, its anisotropically induced electrical and magnetic properties are desirable for fabricating self-biased electronics products. We also demonstrate that the fabricated anisotropic PLA-MGCNC nanocomposites could be laminated into films with the incorporation of directionally tunable mechanical properties. Therefore, the current study provides a novel noninvasive approach of orienting nontoxic bioderived CNCs in the presence of low magnetic fields, with potential applications in the manufacturing of three-dimensional composites with microstructural features comparable to biological materials for high-performance engineering applications.

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Improved dispersion of cellulose microcrystals in polylactic acid (PLA) based composites applying surface acetylation

Cited by 75 publications

References 22 publications

Characterization of Ultrafine Cellulose-filled High-Density Polyethylene Composites Prepared using Different Compounding Methods

Characterization of Ultrafine Cellulose-filled High-Density Polyethylene Composites Prepared using Different Compounding Methods

Crystallisation, mechanical properties and rheological behaviour of PLA composites reinforced by surface modified microcrystalline cellulose

Magnetic Cellulose Nanocrystal Based Anisotropic Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite Films: Influence on Electrical, Magnetic, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties

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