Improved crystallinity and dynamic mechanical properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber/EVA blends under the influence of electron beam irradiation

Ramarad, Suganti; Ratnam, Chantara Thevy; Khalid, Mohammad; Abdullah, Luqman Chuah; Hanson, Svenja

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.09.023

Cited by 30 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…During the ionizing irradiation polymers can cross-link, be grafted or degrade. [7,8] Mateev et al investigated the effect of e-beam irradiation on gel formation process of EVA/PE films in range 40-250kGy when the major change in gel content occurred in range 40-170kGy [9]. This fact and our experience from our previous experiments [10] influenced our range of ebeam radiation, being this time 60, 120 and 180 kGy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation on High‐Temperature Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Carbon Fibers Composites

Hamid

Svoboda

Svobodová

2019

Vinyl Additive Technology

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of carbon fiber (CF) and electron-beam (EB) radiation on high-temperature mechanical properties of ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA). Polymer composites were prepared by mixing on a two-roll mill.After compression molding, the samples were irradiated between 60 and 180 kGy, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to characterize physical properties.The effects of filler content and radiation level on the mechanical properties of EVA/CF were evaluated. The shear stress and modulus were observed to increase with increasing of the filler level. However, there was a dramatic decrease in creep compliance. It was also shown that introduction of irradiation on EVA composite increases the shear stress and the real part of the dynamic shear modulus G' due to the increase in molecular weight and cross-linking of the polymer after irradiation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation on High‐Temperature Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Carbon Fibers Composites

Hamid

Svoboda

Svobodová

2019

Vinyl Additive Technology

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“…Increased crystallinity of APTES containing blends are aligned with improvement in tear and tensile strength of the blends. Improved interfacial adhesion enhanced nucleating capability of the blends, causing in improved crystallinity and heat of fusion of the blends [43]. Improved crystallinity of APTES containing blend could also be caused by microstructural changes in EVA.…”

Section: Calorimetric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochemical compatibilization of reclaimed tire rubber/ poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) blend using electron beam irradiation and amine-based chemical

et al. 2021

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Waste tire rubber is commonly recycled by blending with other polymers. However, the mechanical properties of these blends were poor due to lack of adhesion between the matrix and the waste tire rubber. In this research, the use of electron beam irradiation and (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APTES) on enhancing the performance of 50 wt% reclaimed tire rubber (RTR) blend with 50 wt% poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) was investigated. Preparation of RTR/EVA blends were carried out in the internal mixer. The blends were then exposed to electron beam (EB) irradiation at doses ranging from 50 to 200 kGy. APTES loading was varied between 1 to 10 wt%. The processing, morphological, mechanical, and calorimetric properties of the blends were investigated. The stabilization torque and total mixing energy was higher in compatibilized blends. Mechanical properties of RTR/EVA blends were improved due to efficiency of APTES in further reclaiming the RTR and compatibilizing the blends. APTES improved the dispersion of embedded smaller RTR particles in EVA matrix and crosslinking efficiency of the blends. Calorimetric studies showed increased crystallinity in compatibilized blends which corresponds to improved mechanical properties. However, the ductility of the blend was decreased due to increased interaction between EVA and APTES. Presence of APTES increased the efficiency of electron beam irradiation induced crosslinking which was shown through gel content analysis and Charlesby-Pinner equation.

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“…Gel content samples were carried out and determined in accordance to ASTM D2765 [42].The degree of devulcanisation process of the sample rubber was determined by obtaining the soluble and gel fraction through Soxhlet extraction apparatus using boiling toluene. Then, the samples were collected and immediately dried inside an oven at a temperature of 70℃ once a steady mass was obtained.…”

Section: Soluble Content Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Parametric Study for Devulcanization of Waste Tire Rubber Utilizing Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)

et al. 2018

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Waste rubber is a polymeric material containing 50% of rubber and is generally referred to as waste tyre rubber. The main purpose of this research is to study ultrasonic devulcanisation of waste rubber utilising deep eutectic solvent (DES) of ZnCl2:Urea by improving process parameters such as sonication time, reaction temperature and rubber: DES mass ratio by effectively cleaving cross-link sulphur bonds. DES was created and prepared by mixing ZnCl2 with urea at 2:7 and 1:4 molar ratios respectively. Physicochemical properties of the prepared DES was measured using DSC, KFT and TGA analysis to find the freezing point, moisture content and degradation temperature, whereby their freezing point below 60°C, moisture content lower than 3.0 wt.% and 200°C degradation temperature average. Rubber to DES mass ratio was varied at 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40 and sonicated for 15 minutes inside ultrasonic water-bath. Samples were placed onto hot plate whereby heating temperature was varied at room temperature, 130°C, 150°C, and 180°C for 15 minutes. Samples were filtered, washed with distilled water and dried in oven for 24 hours. Once dried, samples were taken for analysis using TGA, EDX, FESEM, FTIR and Gel content. Under TGA analysis, most samples have an average degradation temperature of 200°C, hence justifying a successful devulcanisation. EDX analysis shows two occurrences during devulcanisation process which is bond reformation and cleavage. Furthermore, it is determined that heating temperature of 130°C is an important parameter as it is the optimum temperature for ZnCl2:Urea. Under FTIR analysis, it shows that disulphide bond, S-S is the only bond that is being broken while the rest still remains the same. Gel content analysis showed that samples have a lower soluble fraction after devulcanisation process. Finally, FESEM proves that at 130°C and 15 minutes is the optimum temperature and time which is illustrated by the smooth surface at that particular point.

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Improved crystallinity and dynamic mechanical properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber/EVA blends under the influence of electron beam irradiation

Cited by 30 publications

References 44 publications

Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation on High‐Temperature Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Carbon Fibers Composites

Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation on High‐Temperature Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Carbon Fibers Composites

Thermochemical compatibilization of reclaimed tire rubber/ poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) blend using electron beam irradiation and amine-based chemical

Parametric Study for Devulcanization of Waste Tire Rubber Utilizing Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)

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