Improved convergence in planar nanophotonic topology optimization via the multigradient

Designing Metasurfaces for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion

“…At each iteration, the required modification for every pixel’s material is calculated by comparing the present condition of the device with a desired outcome. This can be achieved using either an analytical approach or adjoint analysis . Methods such as adjoint analysis enable the number of simulations required for topology optimization to stay fixed as the number of elements in the system grows, allowing for high-resolution, curvilinear structures containing thousands to millions of elements .…”

“…This can be achieved using either an analytical approach or adjoint analysis. 155 Methods such as adjoint analysis enable the number of simulations required for topology optimization to stay fixed as the number of elements in the system grows, allowing for highresolution, curvilinear structures containing thousands to millions of elements. 126 Thus, it provides a large degree of design freedom, which can lead to nearly arbitrary shapes 135 (Figure 5a).…”