Improved chlorination and rapid water quality assessment in response to an outbreak of acute watery diarrhea in Somali Region, Ethiopia

Rajasingham, Anu; Harvey, B. H.; Taye, Yodit; Kamwaga, Stanislaus; Martinsen, Andrea; Sirad, Mohamed; Aden, Mowlid Akil; Gallagher, Kathleen; Handzel, Thomas

doi:10.2166/washdev.2020.146

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Since the majority of childhood diarrhea cases originate from contaminated drinking water and fecal–oral transmission [ 11 , 12 ], a variety of strategies targeting water procurement, local sanitation, childhood nutrition, and diarrhea treatment have been implemented in different locales to improve outcomes. These strategies vary from direct investments in local infrastructure [ 5 , 6 , 13 ] to educational campaigns advocating better practice among individuals [ 3 , 4 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ] to trial implementations of new technologies [ 2 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Water and Waste Management Practices Reduce Diarrhea Risk in Children under Age Five in Rural Tanzania: A Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Analysis

McClelland

Kenney

Palacardo

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Diarrhea remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. Water, sanitation, and hygiene practices (WASH) have demonstrated improved diarrhea-related outcomes but may have limited implementation in certain communities. This study analyzes the adoption and effect of WASH-based practices on diarrhea in children under age five in the rural Busiya chiefdom in northwestern Tanzania. In a cross-sectional analysis spanning July-September 2019, 779 households representing 1338 under-five children were surveyed. Among households, 250 (32.1%) reported at least one child with diarrhea over a two-week interval. Diarrhea prevalence in under-five children was 25.6%. In per-household and per-child analyses, the strongest protective factors against childhood diarrhea included dedicated drinking water storage (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.18–0.36; p < 0.001), improved waste management (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.27–0.51; p < 0.001), and separation of drinking water (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.24–0.59; p < 0.001). Improved water sources were associated with decreased risk of childhood diarrhea in per-household analysis (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.52–0.99, p = 0.04), but not per-child analysis (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.65–1.05, p = 0.13). Diarrhea was widely treated (87.5%), mostly with antibiotics (44.0%) and oral rehydration solution (27.3%). Targeting water transportation, storage, and sanitation is key to reducing diarrhea in rural populations with limited water access.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Water and Waste Management Practices Reduce Diarrhea Risk in Children under Age Five in Rural Tanzania: A Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Analysis

McClelland

Kenney

Palacardo

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…12 During the past several years, large cholera outbreaks have affected East African countries including Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Mozambique. [13][14][15][16][17] Cholera is endemic to Tanzania with cases reported every year since 1977. 18 The largest country-wide outbreak in Tanzania occurred in 1997, resulting in a total of 40,249 cases and 2,231 deaths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of Household Knowledge and Practices during a Cholera Epidemic— Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2016

Chae

Lukupulo²,

Kim

et al. 2022

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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From August 15, 2015 to March 5, 2016, Tanzania reported 16,521 cholera cases and 251 deaths, with 4,596 cases and 44 deaths in its largest city, Dar es Salaam. To evaluate outbreak response efforts, we conducted a household survey with drinking water testing in the five most affected wards in Dar es Salaam. We interviewed 641 households 6 months after the beginning of the outbreak. Although most respondents knew that cholera causes diarrhea (90%) and would seek care if suspecting cholera (95%), only 45% were aware of the current outbreak in the area and only 5% would use oral rehydration salts (ORS) if ill. Of 200 (31%) respondents reporting no regular water treatment, 46% believed treatment was unnecessary and 18% believed treatment was too expensive. Fecal contamination was found in 45% of water samples and was associated with water availability (P = 0.047). Only 11% of samples had detectable free chlorine residual, which was associated with water availability (P = 0.025), reported current water treatment (P = 0.006), and observed free chlorine product in the household (P = 0.015). The provision of accessible, adequately chlorinated water supply, and implementation of social mobilization campaigns advocating household water treatment and use of ORS should be prioritized to address gaps in cholera prevention and treatment activities.

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“…Therefore, providing safe potable water, adequate sanitation and hygiene, are essential in protecting health, and directly contribute to achieving good health and well-being (United Nations 2018). According to Rajasingham et al (2020), the transmission of diseases such as acute watery diarrhea can be mitigated if potable water is made accessible. Research often shows impaired access can lead to health risk (Nayebare et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principal component analysis of groundwater sources pollution in Omu-Aran Community, Nigeria

et al. 2021

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Most developing countries rely on water sources that are usually not protected making them unsafe for drinking. It is imperative to ensure regular assessment and proper monitoring to evaluate their quality and ensure they meet standards before use. This study was aimed at identifying pollution sources of groundwater in the study area of Omu-Aran and assessing the wáter quality under varying temporal conditions. Ninety-six groundwater samples were collected from eight locations during the dry and wet seasons of 2019-2020. These samples were examined for water quality parameters (n = 10) using standard methods. The study adopted the use of principal component analysis (PCA), water quality index (WQI) and independent sample t test to analyze water pollution sources, fully assess water quality and examine temporal variations in the sampling stations respectively. The mean values for measured parameters all fall within the Nigerian Standard Drinking Water Quality guideline values with the exception of pH, nitrite, dissolved oxygen and T. coliform. This pollution was attributed to sewage pollution arising from anthropogenic sources. Water quality decreased during rainy season as compared to the dry season with significant differences (P < 0.05) between these periods except for pH, total hardness and fluoride. WQI ranged from 28.17 to 108.15 which lies on the "good" to "unsuitable for drinking" spectrum. Three latent factors were extracted for both the wet and dry seasons from measured parameters by means of PCA. They explain natural pollution and soil erosion phenomenom due to seasonal changes while organic matter oxidation and mineral dissolution are also identified as factors that affect the water quality in the study area. In conclusion, the study has been able to integrate the use of PCA and WQI to analyse recorded data for pollution source identification and water quality interpretation in the study area. Regular assessment and proper monitoring to evaluate the quality of these sources should be done in order to ensure they meet standards before use. Users should be encouraged to carry out disinfection and ensure their water sources are protected and not left exposed. KeywordsWater quality index (WQI) • Contamination • Groundwater • Principal component analysis (PCA) • Omu-Aran • t test Abbreviations APHA American public health association Chloride Chloride DO Dissolved oxygen E East EC Electrical conductivity k Constant of proportionality * E. M. Ibitogbe

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Improved chlorination and rapid water quality assessment in response to an outbreak of acute watery diarrhea in Somali Region, Ethiopia

Cited by 11 publications

References 6 publications

Improved Water and Waste Management Practices Reduce Diarrhea Risk in Children under Age Five in Rural Tanzania: A Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Analysis

Improved Water and Waste Management Practices Reduce Diarrhea Risk in Children under Age Five in Rural Tanzania: A Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Analysis

An Assessment of Household Knowledge and Practices during a Cholera Epidemic— Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2016

Principal component analysis of groundwater sources pollution in Omu-Aran Community, Nigeria

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