A series of ternary Cu-ZnO-ZrO2 nanostructures
was prepared
containing either tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH, TH), polyoxyethylene
lauryl ether carboxylic acid (BRIJ35, B5), poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene
oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (P123 P3), decyltrimethylammonium bromide
(DB), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, PP), or no surfactant. First, based
on the characterization results of XPS, H2-TPR, and other
characteristics, the Cu species play vital roles in the process of
dimethyl adipate (DMA) hydrogenation, and the Cu+ and Cu0 generated after reduction have a synergistic effect in the
hydrogenation process. Results showed that changing the surfactant
type and surfactant concentration in the catalyst synthesis has a
great effect on the catalytic activity of the catalyst. In particular,
the HDO selectivity of the CZZ-4-P3 (52%) catalyst treated with poly(ethylene
oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) was significantly
improved compared to the untreated CZZ (29%) catalyst, which is related
to the highest concentration and number of oxygen vacancies. The larger
amount of Ovac might promote the hydrogenation of DMA through
interaction with the carbonyl group and then weaken the CO
bond. On the other hand, it also has a more surface basic (strong
basic) amount on the CZZ catalyst. This will provide more adsorption
sites and thus adsorb more DMA molecule. Furthermore, it has a larger
dispersion of the Cu and smaller catalyst particles. This may be more
conducive to adequate contact between the feedstock and catalyst,
reducing diffusion effects.