“…They found that open, ramified particles absorb sunlight less efficiently than compact, spherical ones, and will, therefore, contribute to global warming to a lesser degree than their spherical counterparts. Other approaches of extracting particle features from images involve additional mathematical transformations, with examples being wavelet (Kockentiedt & Toennies, ) and Fourier descriptors (Rice et al ., ; Fernandez Martinez et al ., ) or the Minkowski functionals and valuations, where particles are interpreted as graphs, with faces, edges, and vertices (Zhang et al ., ). The application of fractal dimensions (Florindo et al ., , ; Florindo & Bruno, ) is another type of approach to analysing particles.…”