Improved application techniques: Ways to higher efficacy of fungicides and insecticides in field grown vegetables

Rueegg, J.; Eder, Reinhard; Anderau, Viktor

doi:10.1564/16apr07

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, foliar fungicides are commonly applied by the overhead spraying technique, spraying top-down [6]. This application technique may result in high deposits of active ingredients on the upper parts of the plant but in rather low deposits on the lower parts, where protection can also be necessary [7,9,10]. Due to the reduced coverage of deeper-located plant organs and the insufficient downward transport of systemic fungicides within the plant from the site of application, lower-located plant parts are generally insufficiently protected from fungal infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the reduced coverage of deeper-located plant organs and the insufficient downward transport of systemic fungicides within the plant from the site of application, lower-located plant parts are generally insufficiently protected from fungal infections. In contrast, the dropleg spraying technique allows sub-canopy treatments, and therefore, an accumulation of active ingredients on plant parts that are difficult to achieve by the overhead spraying technique [10,11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was possible to halve the amount of mycotoxins in the harvested crop with the same active ingredient content simply by changing the spraying technique. The dropleg technique generally deposits higher amounts of the applied fungicide on deeper located plant organs, whereas higher amounts of the fungicide are deposited on the upper leaves using the overhead spraying technique, whereby less active ingredient reaches the lower located plant organs [10]. Due to the reduced coverage of lower plant organs and the insufficient downward transport of the xylem-mobile systemics tebuconazole and prothioconazole within the plant from the site of application, the main ears are less protected from Fusarium infections using the overhead spraying technique.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, the so-called dropleg technology offers an opportunity to reach lower plant organs of the maize plant with the fungicide, which are difficult to achieve with the overhead spraying technique. This spraying technique generally allows sub-canopy treatments with various pesticides, e.g., in row crops in horticulture [10,11] as well as field crops such as oilseed rape [11][12][13]. Compared to the overhead spraying technique, the nozzle carriers are not directly attached to the spray boom, but to the lower end of the dropleg, which are prolonged elastic nozzle holders that hang freely floating underneath the boom down into the crop canopy during spraying [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of Different Fungicide Spraying Techniques on the Infestation with Kabatiella zeae and Formation of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Forage Maize

et al. 2023

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The application of fungicides in maize by the commonly used overhead spraying technique is more challenging than in small-grain cereals. Especially in later development stages, when the plant has reached a considerable height, lower plant organs (e.g., ears) may be insufficiently protected, since a large part of the applied fungicide is deposited on the upper leaves. In contrast, lower plant organs can be reached by the dropleg spraying technique, which allows sub-canopy applications. This study investigated the efficacy of fungicide applications during flowering in forage maize using the overhead and dropleg spraying techniques as well as a combination for the control of Kabatiella zeae and mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species, which can affect leaves and ears, respectively. The efficacy was evaluated in field trials under natural K. zeae and artificial Fusarium inoculum conditions in Northern Germany by measuring disease severities of K. zeae on maize leaves, dry matter yields, and concentrations of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) at harvest. Fusarium inoculations of main ears at full flowering resulted in significantly higher DON and ZEN concentrations compared to natural Fusarium infections, whereas the dry matter yield was not affected. The strongest disease progressions of K. zeae were determined after flowering on the upper leaves and leaves around the main ear. Disease severities were significantly reduced on the upper leaves by the overhead application and the combination of the overhead and dropleg spraying technique, whereby the three spraying techniques were equally able to decrease the infestation on the yield-essential leaves around the main ear. No differences in dry matter yield were found between the application techniques, but they were significantly higher than in the untreated control. The contamination with DON and ZEN was most effectively reduced by sub-canopy applications using the dropleg technique, whether as a solo application or in combination with the overhead technique. The main ears were reached better with the applied fungicide, reducing Fusarium infections, and therefore, contamination with mycotoxins. The dropleg technique offers an opportunity for improved protection of lower plant organs, especially in tall growing crops. In combination with the overhead spraying technique, the protection of various plant organs along the entire plant with the applied fungicide could be advantageous, especially when different parts of the plant are affected by different fungal diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%