“…In this study, we demonstrated that the NPs-modified CAG scaffold with cytokines loaded almost covers these key elements of tissue engineering. Nanoparticles constructed with heparin have been studied as cytokine delivery carriers for years because many cytokines, such as stromal SDF-1, BMP-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, placental growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor, [29][30][31][32][33] can bind to heparin through their conserved amino acid sequences. The use of chitosan and heparin for the delivery of bioactive molecules has many advantages, including being inexpensive, biodegradable, noncytotoxic, nonimmunogenic, 34,35 easy to process, absorbable, and having safe degradation end product.…”