“…A series of genes encoding MIA biosynthetic enzymes (anthranilate synthase alpha subunit, Asα; 1-deoxy-D-xylulose synthase, DXS; tryptophan decarboxylase, TDC; strictosidine synthase, STR; strictosidine beta-glucosidase, SGD; geraniol 10-hydroxylase, G10H; desacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase, DAT; apoplastic peroxidase, CrPrx; secologanin synthase, SLS) have been characterized, cloned and overexpressed alone or in combination in cell cultures and hairy roots of C. roseus in the past decade [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]. Transformation of transcription factors (ORCA2 and ORCA3) [16], transporters (ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABC) [17] and heterologous genes (Bcl-2 Associated X protein, Bax) [18] were also performed in C. roseus cells and hairy roos. Genetic modification is a good approach to study the regulation of MIA biosynthesis and to improve the production of targeted MIAs in C. roseus , thus lower the production costs for these very expensive clinical medicines.…”