Imprinted Zeolite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as a Selective Sensor for Blood Glucose Analysis by Potentiometry

Abstract

Imprinted zeolite modified carbon paste (carbon paste-IZ) electrode had been developed as a sensor to analyze blood glucose content by potentiometry. The used zeolite was Lynde Type A (LTA) that synthesized with a mole ratio of Na2O, Al2O3, SiO2 and H2O of 4:1:1.8:270, respectively while non-imprinted zeolite was prepared with a mole ratio of glucose/Si of 0.0306. Glucose was then extracted from the zeolite framework using hot water (80 °C) to produce imprinted zeolite (IZ). The carbon paste-IZ electrode prepared from activated carbon, paraffin pastilles, and IZ with a mass ratio of 5:4:1 showed the best performance. The modified electrode demonstrated the measurement range of 10–4-10–2 M, the Nernst factor of 29.55 mV/decade, the response time less than 120 s, and the detection limit of 5.62 × 10–5 M. Ascorbic acid, uric acid, urea and creatinine did not interfere on the glucose analysis by potentiometry. Comparison test with spectrophotometry showed an accuracy of (90.7 ± 1.4)% (n = 5), while the application of the electrode to analyze five spiked serum samples showed recovery of (92.2 ± 1.3)% (n = 5). The electrode was stable for up to 9 weeks (168 times usage). Based on its performance, the developed electrode can be applied to analyze glucose in human serum sample and recommended for used in the medical field.

Imprinted-Zeolite-X-Based Sensor for Non-Enzymatic Detection of Blood Glucose by Potentiometry

“…It was obtained from the linear regression slope, which was 30 mV/decade. It was closer to the Nernstian than the previous studies using zeolite LTA [19] and zeolite TS-1 [20]. Sensor performance can also be determined from the linearity of the calibration curve of glucose.…”

“…Potentiometric sensors can have upper and lower limits of detection. The upper detection limit of the IZ-carbon paste electrode was 1.38 × 10 −2 M, and the lower detection limit was 1.28 × 10 −4 M. The lower detection limit of this IZ X-carbon paste electrode was higher than that of the IZ TS-1-carbon paste electrode (4.79 × 10 −5 M) [19] and the carbon paste electrode IZ LTA (1.21 × 10 −5 M) [20]. Although the limit of detection was higher than that in previous studies, it can still be used to measure glucose in blood serum samples with a normal concentration (70-110 mg/dL, equivalent to 3.8 × 10 −3 -6.1 × 10 −3 M), as well as glucose concentrations in diabetes mellitus (>200 mg/dL or equivalent to 10 −2 M) [28].…”

“…Imprinted zeolite TS-1 [19] and imprinted zeolite LTA [20] have been used to modify the electrode as a potentiometric sensor in the glucose analysis in blood serum. This research used an FAU-type zeolite, namely, zeolite X, to modify the electrode.…”

Renesansa elektroda s ugljikovom pastom; njihove modifikacije i primjene u potenciometrijskim određivanjima farmaceutika

“…63 Ipak, razvoj CPE u sve je većem fokusu znanstvene zajednice, s obzirom na broj od preko 40000 publiciranih znanstvenih članka (s terminom CPE) u posljednjih dvadesetak godina (slika 4). CPE se rabe u kulometriji, voltametriji, amperometriji i potenciometriji, i pronalaze vrlo široku primjenu, u prvom redu, za određivanje djelatnih spojeva u raznim farmaceutskim pripravcima, o čemu će biti govora u nastavku ovog rada, zatim u veterini, 59,[64][65][66] u detekciji umjetnih bojila u prehrambenim proizvodima, 67 teških metala u vodi i urinu, 68 dopamina, 69,70 nesteroidnih protupalnih lijekova u otpadnim vodama 71,72 upotrebljavaju se i kao biosenzori glukoze, 40,41,[73][74][75] za mjerenje tumorskih markera [76][77][78] i kolesterola u krvi 79,80 i dr.…”

Selective Identification for Glucose in the Presence of Fructose Using Imprinted Polyeugenol Modified Graphite Paste Electrode

“…The lowest concentration of analyte in the sample can be reliably detected with a limit of detection [12]. In this study, the limit of detection is determined by the intersection between the linear and nonlinear lines of the standard curve [13]. The resulting linear line equation is y = 19.16x + 251.4 while the non-linear line y = 7.4x 2 + 84.7x + 142.2.…”