2014
DOI: 10.3390/genes5020477
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Imprinted Genes and the Environment: Links to the Toxic Metals Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead

Abstract: Imprinted genes defy rules of Mendelian genetics with their expression tied to the parent from whom each allele was inherited. They are known to play a role in various diseases/disorders including fetal growth disruption, lower birth weight, obesity, and cancer. There is increasing interest in understanding their influence on environmentally-induced disease. The environment can be thought of broadly as including chemicals present in air, water and soil, as well as food. According to the Agency for Toxic Substa… Show more

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Cited by 23 publications
(18 citation statements)
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References 101 publications
(112 reference statements)
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“…Using the unbiased Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, maternal cigarette smoking, a common source of fetal Cd exposure, has been associated with altered DNA methylation at multiple CpG sites including 11 imprinted genes such as AHRR , GFI1 , IGF2 and CYP1A1 in cord blood leukocyte DNA [ 33 , 34 ]. In studies with small sample sizes [ 12 , 35 ], in utero Cd exposure specifically was associated with CpG methylation differences in umbilical cord blood leukocyte DNA at multiple CpG sites mapping to genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and inflammation [ 12 ], some of which may be sex-specific [ 36 , 37 ]. Female-specific effects of Cd exposure have previously been reported in relation to birth weight, hypothesized to be due to lower iron in females that is associated with increased Cd intestinal absorption [ 38 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Using the unbiased Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, maternal cigarette smoking, a common source of fetal Cd exposure, has been associated with altered DNA methylation at multiple CpG sites including 11 imprinted genes such as AHRR , GFI1 , IGF2 and CYP1A1 in cord blood leukocyte DNA [ 33 , 34 ]. In studies with small sample sizes [ 12 , 35 ], in utero Cd exposure specifically was associated with CpG methylation differences in umbilical cord blood leukocyte DNA at multiple CpG sites mapping to genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and inflammation [ 12 ], some of which may be sex-specific [ 36 , 37 ]. Female-specific effects of Cd exposure have previously been reported in relation to birth weight, hypothesized to be due to lower iron in females that is associated with increased Cd intestinal absorption [ 38 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Signalling networks activated by insulin, such as AKT–mTOR, are associated with aggressive cancer biology. Unsafe neighbourhoods and an unequal burden of environmental exposures contribute to stress, lack of access to healthy food (food deserts, which in turn promotes obesity), lack of exercise and exposure to carcinogens and heavy metals (such as cadmium, lead and arsenic) that are thought to promote abnormal imprinting and epigenetic changes 8689 , which in turn may promote aggressive biology. EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition.…”
Section: Figurementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although protein disruption/misfolding, generation of oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption are known effects of toxic metal exposure, mechanisms causing these effects are still largely unknown (Satarug and Moore 2012; Sanders, Smeester et al 2014; Smeester, Yosim et al 2014). A growing body of in vitro and in vivo evidence supports that environmental exposure to toxic metals, including Pb, can alter DNA methylation (Takiguchi, Achanzar et al 2003; Reichard, Schnekenburger et al 2007; Jiang, Xu et al 2008; Pilsner, Hu et al 2009; Bailey and Fry 2014; Faulk, Liu et al 2014; Li, Xie et al 2015; Nye, Hoyo et al 2015).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%