Impressions of personality as a function of marital conflict.

Preston, Malcolm G.; Peltz, William L.; Mudd, Emily H.; Froscher, Hazel Bazett

doi:10.1037/h0054322

Cited by 38 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…More direct evidence of the positive consequences indicates that projective identification facilitates intimacy (Ogden, 1982(Ogden, , 1990 and empathy (Segal, 1975). Still others have found that perceived similarity in attitudes is linked to feelings of acceptance (Horowitz, Lyons, & Perlmutter, 1951); that perceived similarity in views about relationships within a social group is linked to amount of liking (Fiedler, Warrington, & Blaisdell, 1952); that perceived similarity in personality dimensions is linked to low conflict (Preston, Peltz, Mudd, & Froscher, 1952); and that perceived similarity in value judgments is linked to acceptance (Precker, 1952;Smith, 1957), altruistic behaviors (Smith, Jaffee, & Livingston, 1955), and perceived social sensitivity (Gage & Exline, 1953). It has thus been well documented that perceived similarity leads to very positive interpersonal consequences.…”

Section: Implications For Interpersonal Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Projection of Implicit and Explicit Goals.

Kawada¹,

Oettingen²,

Gollwitzer³

et al. 2004

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

122

112

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In 3 studies, the authors analyzed whether projection occurs for both conscious and nonconscious goals. In Experiment 1, participants who were predisposed to hold a learning goal over a performance goal rated others as possessing more of a learning goal. In Experiment 2, participants who were either implicitly primed with or explicitly assigned to have the goal to compete perceived others as striving for competitive goals more than control participants. In Experiment 3, the authors demonstrated that it was the actual goal to compete rather than the trait construct of competitiveness that was projected. The control of automatic goal projection effects is discussed, and interpersonal consequences of goal projection are delineated.In its most general sense, projection refers to ascribing one's own characteristics onto others. The classical definition of projection, though, refers to a more motivational process by which individuals ascribe their own negative characteristics onto others, while also denying these same characteristics in themselves (Freud, 1915(Freud, /1953. In this sense, projection acts as a defense mechanism that lessens the discomfort caused by possession of these undesirable characteristics by thrusting "forth upon the external world whatever within itself gives rise to pain [i.e., the process of projection]" (Freud, 1915(Freud, /1953). Types of ProjectionAccording to D. S. Holmes (1968), there are two main dimensions of projection: one that deals with the content of what is being projected and the other that deals with the awareness of possessing the projected personal characteristics. Regarding the content dimension of projection, individuals can either project onto others the exact same attribute that they possess (e.g., Eric is generous, and he also sees others as being generous) or they can project onto others an attribute that bears a causal relation to the one that they possess (e.g., Eric is frightened, and he sees others as frightening). Regarding the awareness dimension of projection, the projector is either aware or not aware of possessing the personal characteristic that is being projected.On the basis of these two dimensions (i.e., content and awareness), Holmes (1968;Holmes & McCaul, 1989) discusses three types of projection: attributive, complementary, and similarity projection. In attributive projection, an individual possesses a certain attribute, is aware that he or she possesses it, and then projects it onto another person (Bramel, 1963;Edlow & Kiesler, 1966;Feshbach & Singer, 1957). In similarity projection, an individual possesses a certain attribute and projects it onto another person but is not aware of its possession. And last, in complementary projection, the individual possesses a certain attribute, is aware of possessing it, and then projects the cause of it onto others. For all of these types of projection, it is assumed that the person remains unaware of the projection process.

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Section: Implications For Interpersonal Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Projection of Implicit and Explicit Goals.

Kawada¹,

Oettingen²,

Gollwitzer³

et al. 2004

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

122

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Kelly concludes that an individual's personal satisfaction in marriage is related both to self-regard and to the judgment of the self's inferiority or superiority vis-a-vis the spouse. Preston, Peltz, Mudd, and Froscher (1952) extended this type of investigation to the consideration of the relationship between person-perception and an objective appraisal of that person. Couples drawn from the clients of the Marriage Council of Philadelphia constituted the sample.…”

Section: Interpersonal Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological patterning in marriage.

Tharp¹

1963

Psychological Bulletin

139

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Theory and research are reviewed and integrated with sociological data on mate selection and marital happiness. Topics included are homogamy, interpersonal perception, identifications, complimentary needs, and role theory. Modal marriage-role expectations exist; they are different for the sexes, and are established by parental identifications. The husband role is more instrumental; the wife role more integrative. For the marital happiness of both spouses, the husband's role performance is more crucial than that of the wife. For all marriages-both modal and unique-happiness is a function of the satisfaction of those needs and expectations which, for each individual, are specific to marriage. Thus, investigation of role-specific need dispositions is preferable to conventional approaches which deal with general personality needs.

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“…Research on social projection finds that people do in fact project onto close partners and that doing so has profound consequences for their relationship. For instance, projection of attitudes, values, judgments, or views about interpersonal relationships leads to beneficial outcomes for social interactions such as higher feelings of acceptance and mutual satisfaction between partners (Horowitz, Lyons, & Perlmutter, ; Lemay & Clark, ; Lemay, Clark, & Feeney, ; Murray et al, ; Precker, ; Smith, ), increased liking and intimacy (Fiedler, Warrington, & Blaisdell, ; Reis & Shaver, ), and even lowered conflict (Preston, Peltz, Mudd, & Froscher, ). In addition, manipulating perceptions of similarity improved interactions in cross‐race dyads and racially diverse task groups (West, Magee, Gordon, & Gullet, ).…”

Section: Study 1: Going To Watch a Moviementioning

confidence: 99%

Goal projection in public places

Ahn

Oettingen

Gollwitzer

2015

Euro J Social Psych

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Three studies investigated the phenomenon of goal projection in everyday life considering three moderators: goal commitment, the perceived similarity of the target person, and goal attainment. Moviegoers' (Study 1) highly committed to see a particular movie projected this goal onto other movie patrons. Commuters (Study 2) highly committed to catch a certain train projected this goal onto other commuters, given that these commuters were perceived as similar. Shoppers (Study 3) projected buying a particular item when both their goal commitment and the perceived similarity of another shopper were high, and the goal was not yet attained. The results imply that goal projection is part of our everyday life and is fostered by high‐goal commitment, perceiving others as similar, and ongoing goal striving.

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Impressions of personality as a function of marital conflict.

Cited by 38 publications

References 4 publications

The Projection of Implicit and Explicit Goals.

The Projection of Implicit and Explicit Goals.

Psychological patterning in marriage.

Goal projection in public places

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