Imposex in Nucella lapillus from TBT contamination in south and south-west Wales: A continuing problem around ports

Predicted concentrations of biocides from antifouling paints in Visakhapatnam Harbour

“…In USA, although there is a declining trend, TBT levels are still high around the ports (Valkirs et al, 2003;Venkatesan et al, 1998;Peachey, 2003). Very similar observations have been reported from Canada (Horiguchi et al, 2004), the UK (Harding et al, 1997;Morgan et al, 1998;Miller et al, 1999;Thomas et al, 2000Thomas et al, , 2001Galloway et al, 2004;Bray and Herbert, 1998;Harino et al, 2005), Spain, Portugal, Germany, Sweden, Poland, Italy (Gó mez-Ariza et al, 2000Diez et al, 2002Diez et al, , 2005Hawkins et al, 2002;Birchenough et al, 2002;Minchin, 2003), Japan (Takeuchi et al, 2004;Murai et al, 2005;Ramaswamy and Tao, 2004;Harino et al, 2007), Australia and New Zealand (Gibson and Wilson, 2003;Burton et al, 2005;Smith, 1996) .…”

Occurrence of imposex in Thais haemastoma: possible evidence of environmental contamination derived from organotin compounds in Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza, Brazil

“…In South America, imposex occurrence is reported in Chile (Chorus giganteus, Xanthochorus cassidiformis, Nucella crassilabrum - Gooding et al, 1999) and Brazil (Castro et al, 2000;Fernandez et al, 1998;Magalhães et al, 1997). Information on concentration in waters (Hashimoto et al, 1998; Malaca straits), sediments (Kan-Atireklap et al, 1997a -Thailand;Ko et al, 1995 -Hong Kong;Stewart & de Mora, 1992 -Fiji Island;King et al, 1989 -New Zealand) and organisms (bivalves, Perna viridis -Kan-Atireklap et al, 1997b; Mytidus edulis and Aequipecten irradians - Guolan & Yong, 1995;gastropods, T. clavigera, Thais tuberosa and Morula granulataLiu et al, 1997) are scarce, although reported levels specially in areas including intensive navigation and harbor installations have been high (over 1,000ng.g -1 ) and of the same order as those available for temperate climate areas (Morgan et al, 1998;Ruiz et al, 1998;Swennen et al, 1997;ten Hallers-Tjabbes et al, 1994). As for the effect on humans, although organotin compounds are considered extremely toxic, environmental routes of exposure are usually not considered very critical (Schweinfurth & Günzel, 1987;Tsuda et al, 1995).…”

Toxicity of Tributyltin and Triphenyltin to Early Life-Stages of Paracentrotus Lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

“…[4]. The literature reports numerous studies on imposex (the development of male characteristics in females) due to low exposure concentrations of TBT in several species of snail, such as Nucella lapillus [5], Ilyanassa obsoleta [6], and Hexaples trunculus [7]. Correlations between tissue concentrations of TPT and the degree of imposex have been found for mollusks, such as Thais clavigera and T. bronni [8], suggesting that both TPT and TBT may be related to the development of imposex.…”