Imported malaria definition and minimum data for surveillance

Arisco, Nicholas J.; Peterka, Cassio; Castro, Márcia C.

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22590-6

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The WHO de nes indigenous malaria as a "case contracted locally with no evidence of importation and no direct link to transmission from an imported case" (29). However, a speci c de nition of local is not given, and use of the term varies (30). The time frame within which someone is considered at highest risk of having an imported case following travel to an endemic area also varies, from 10 days to 3 months (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping malaria transmission foci in Northeast Thailand from 2011-2021: approaching elimination in a hypoendemic area

Pongsoipetch,

Walshe,

Mukem

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background Thailand is approaching local elimination of malaria in the eastern provinces. It has successfully reduced the number of cases over the past decade, but there are persistent transmission hot spots in and around forests. This study aimed to use data from the malaria surveillance system to describe the spatiotemporal trends of malaria in Northeast Thailand and fine-scale patterns in locally transmitted cases between 2011 and 2021. Methods Case data was stratified based on likely location of infection and parasite species. Annual Parasite Index per 1000 population (API) was calculated for different categories. Time series decomposition was performed to identify trends and seasonal patterns. Statistically significant clusters of high (hot spots) and low (cold spots) API were identified using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. The stability of those hot spots and the absolute change in the proportion of API density from baseline were compared by case type. Results The total number of confirmed cases experienced a non-linear decline by 96.6%, from 1,061 in 2011 to 36 in 2021. There has been a decline in both Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum case numbers, with only 4 confirmed falciparum cases over the last 2 years. API was generally higher in Si Sa Ket province, which had peaks every 2–3 years. There was a large outbreak in Ubon Ratchathani in 2014–2016 which had a high proportion of P. falciparum reported. The proportion of cases classified increased over the study period, and the proportion of cases classed as indigenous to the village of residence increased from 0.2–33.3%. There were stable hot spots of indigenous and imported cases in the south of Si Sa Ket and southeast of Ubon Ratchathani. Conclusions There has been a large, non-linear decline in the number of malaria cases reported and an increasing proportion of cases are classed as indigenous to the patient’s village of residence. Stable hot spots of ongoing transmission in the forested border areas were identified, with transmission likely persisting because of remote location and high-risk forest-going behaviours. Future efforts should include cross-border collaboration and continued targeting of high-risk behaviours to reduce the risk of imported cases seeding local transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping malaria transmission foci in Northeast Thailand from 2011-2021: approaching elimination in a hypoendemic area

Pongsoipetch,

Walshe,

Mukem

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Recent studies about human mobility and malaria propose detailed frameworks to classify within-country malaria importation. Still, they might not be applicable in Peru due to a lack of proper human mobility data collection (45)(46)(47). Thus, malaria transmission between communities and rural campsites remains challenging for Peruvian NMCP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comprehensive passively collected data and close collaboration with research institutions would allow for routinely assessing parasite connectivity and flux in the Amazonian region (5,45). Unlike in other scenarios, in the Amazonian setting difficulties accessing cellphone data limits the use of GPS personal devices (16,17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human mobility and malaria risk in peri-urban and rural communities in the Peruvian Amazon

Gomez,

Grosso,

Guzman-Guzman

et al. 2024

Preprint

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BackgroundWhile the global burden of malaria cases has decreased over the last two decades, the disease remains a major international threat, even on the rise in many regions. More than 85% of Peruvian malaria cases are in the Amazonian region of Loreto. Internal mobility primarily related to occupation is thought to be primarily responsible for maintaining endemicity and introducing and reintroducing malaria parasites into areas of anophelism, a challenge for malaria eradication.MethodsThe assessment of connectivity produced by human mobility was evaluated in three districts of Loreto, through 10 cross-sectional population screening from 2018 to 2020. We use social network analysis (SNA) to obtain weighted and unweighted degrees of connectivity and explore its variability by socio-demographic characteristics. In addition, we integrated travel history and malaria incidence data to estimate parasite connectivity due to internal human mobility between locations. Finally, we used logistic multivariate regressions to explore the factors associated withPlasmodium spp.infection in mobile individuals.ResultsWe found that internal human mobility results in high connectivity between communities from the Mazan, Iquitos, and San Juan Bautista districts. We identified nearby destinations that may act as sinks or sources for malaria transmission, including densely populated towns and rural campsites. In addition, we found that being a male, traveling to rural campsites, and working outdoors are associated withPlasmodium spp. infection in travelers from the Mazan district.ConclusionsWe provide compelling evidence about how human mobility connects rural communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Using SNA, we uncovered district-specific patterns and destinations, providing further evidence of human mobility heterogeneity in the region. To address the challenge of human mobility and malaria in this setting, geographic heterogeneity of malaria transmission must be considered.Author summaryMalaria transmission is complex, involving interactions of parasite, vector biology and ecology, human immune response, and human host behavior. We used social network analysis to understand how the daily lives including occupation-related mobility leads to the maintenance of malaria endemicity and transmission. Rural communities (within the districts of Mazan) and peri-urban communities around the city of Iquitos have different socio-demographic characteristics that determine malaria transmission rates. Networks of fixed rural communities and occupation-related distant camp sites play a key role as reservoirs and sources of parasite movement. Factors including male sex, outdoor occupational activity outdoors, and having rural camp sites as travel destination increase the risk ofPlasmodiuminfection. Factors associated with occupation-related mobility are correlated with incidence and prevalence of malarial disease and parasite infection rates, respectively. This work provides a detailed understanding of the importance of work-related travel to target in malaria elimination programs, key to maintaining malaria transmission both in the Amazon region and more generally.

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“…In 2021, there were an estimated 247 million malaria cases in 84 malaria endemic countries, which represents an increase of 2 million cases compared with 2020 1 . Also, the continuous importation of malaria to non-endemic regions consistently challenges elimination efforts, leading to the spread of drug-resistant parasites within and between countries 2 . Plasmodium falciparum and vivax are the most virulent of the five human parasite species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemozoin induces Malaria via activation of DNA damage, p38 MAPK and Neurodegenerative Pathways in Human iPSC-derived Neuronal Model of Cerebral Malaria

Pranty,

Szepanowski,

Wruck

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Malaria caused byPlasmodium falciparuminfection results in severe complications including cerebral malaria (CM), in which approximately 30% of patients end up with neurological sequelae. Sparse in vitro cell culture-based experimental models which recapitulate the molecular basis of CM in humans has impeded progress in our understanding of its etiology. This study employed healthy human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived neuronal cultures stimulated with hemozoin (HMZ)-the malarial toxin as a model for CM. Secretome, qRT-PCR, Metascape, and KEGG pathway analyses were conducted to assess elevated proteins, genes, and pathways. Neuronal cultures treated with HMZ showed enhanced secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)1-beta (IL-1β), IL-8 and IL-16. Enrichment analysis revealed malaria, positive regulation of cytokine production and positive regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade which confirm inflammatory response to HMZ exposure. KEGG assessment revealed up-regulation of malaria, MAPK and neurodegenerative diseases-associated pathways which corroborates findings from previous studies. Additionally, HMZ induced DNA damage in neurons. This study has unveiled that exposure of neuronal cultures to HMZ, activates molecules and pathways similar to that observed in CM and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, our model is an alternative to rodent experimental models of CM.

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Imported malaria definition and minimum data for surveillance

Cited by 7 publications

References 55 publications

Mapping malaria transmission foci in Northeast Thailand from 2011-2021: approaching elimination in a hypoendemic area

Mapping malaria transmission foci in Northeast Thailand from 2011-2021: approaching elimination in a hypoendemic area

Human mobility and malaria risk in peri-urban and rural communities in the Peruvian Amazon

Hemozoin induces Malaria via activation of DNA damage, p38 MAPK and Neurodegenerative Pathways in Human iPSC-derived Neuronal Model of Cerebral Malaria

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