“…Over the years, this practice has become obligatory for farmers (Sturm, 2000) due to the deterioration of living conditions, causing the appearance of parkland species in the West African landscape, the most representative of which are, among others, Faidherbia albida, Parkia biglobosa, Vitellaria, paradoxa (Boffa, 1999). The products of these species in agricultural fields contribute to the food and nutritional security of rural Africans (Omotayo and Aremu, 2020), generate income (Sagna et al, 2019) and protect the environment (Kessler and Breman, 1991;Bonkoungou, 2002;Bayala et al, 2008;Assogbadjo et al, 2012).…”