Importance of the hydrogen evolution reaction in magnesium chloride solutions on stainless steel

Katona, Ryan; Carpenter, Jacob; Knight, Andrew W.; Bryan, Charles R.; Schaller, Rebecca; Kelly, Robert G.; Schindelholz, Eric John

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108935

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Growth at the critical conditions for pit stability could result in considerable hydrogen evolution from local cathodic reactions, contributing to hydrogen (H) availability at the corroding surface 42 and cathodic reduction reactions in the cathode. 43 Therefore, the residual stresses could be sufficiently high, and it is possible that H generated through cathodic reactions embrittled any near-surface martensite as martensitic phases are well known to undergo HEAC. 2,3 Another study by Ghosh et al 12 studied cold-worked and surface-machined SS304L and found that strain-induced martensite and plastic stress in the near surface layers produced from the surface preparation procedure used were responsible for SCC initiation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Realistic, Cyclic Atmospheric Cycles on the Pitting Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Montoya

Katona

Karasz

et al. 2023

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Pitting corrosion was evaluated on stainless steels 304H, 304, and 316L the surfaces of which had ASTM seawater printed on them as a function of surface roughness after exposure to an exemplar realistic atmospheric diurnal cycle for up to one year. Methods to evaluate pitting damage included optical imaging, scanning electron microscopy imaging, profilometry analysis, and polarization scans. The developed cyclic exposure environment did not significantly influence pitting morphology nor depth in comparison to prior static exposure environments. Cross-hatching was observed in a majority of pits for all material compositions with the roughest surface finish (#4 finish) and in all surface finishes for the 304H composition. Evidence is provided that cross-hatched pit morphologies are caused by slip bands produced during the grinding process for the #4 finish or by material processing. Additionally, micro-cracking was observed in pits formed on samples with the #4 surface finish and was greatly reduced or absent for pits formed on samples with smooth surface finishes. This suggests that both a low RH leading to an MgCl2-dominated environment and a rough surface containing significant residual stress are necessary for micro-cracking. Finally, the use of various characterization techniques and cross sectioning was employed to both qualitatively and quantitatively assess pitting damage across all SS compositions and surface finishes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Realistic, Cyclic Atmospheric Cycles on the Pitting Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Montoya

Katona

Karasz

et al. 2023

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…[53] However, the RH of PL is below the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) for NaCl (75%) and is, therefore, unable to induce deliquescence except for the minor constituents, such as MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 with lower DRHs of 33% and 20%, respectively. [54,55] Being hygroscopic, Cland sulphate cause a prolonged TOW from an increase in moisture condensation. This explains the highest mass loss at FG in the first few months of exposure (Figure 9), due to a higher SO 2 concentration in the atmosphere at the nearby power station, leading to corrosivity that is nearly at the level of C3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel in the tropical microclimate of Port Louis

Seechurn

Surnam

Wharton

2022

Materials & Corrosion

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The atmospheric corrosion performance of S235 carbon steel is assessed when exposed to the tropical/marine aerosol pollutants of Port Louis, Mauritius. Port Louis is situated on the northwest coast and has a distinct microclimate, leading to major atmospheric corrosion concerns. In addition, sulphur dioxide emissions from three heavy oil‐fired power stations complicate corrosion prediction within the region. Mass‐loss analysis shows distinctive corrosion progression behaviours linked to the environmental and geographical variables. The formation of porous surface layers leads to a continuous increase in metal dissolution during the electrochemical process. The surface analysis reveals lepidocrocite false( γ ‐ FeOOH false) $\left(\gamma \mbox{-} \text{FeOOH}\right)$ and goethite ( α ‐ FeOOH $\gamma \mbox{-} \text{FeOOH}$) as the predominant rust phases, with low percentages of magnetite ( Fe 3 O 4 ${\text{Fe}}_{3}{{\rm{O}}}_{4}$), akageneite false( β ‐ FeOOH false) $\left(\beta \mbox{-} \text{FeOOH}\right)$ and jarosite ( normalK Fe 3 ( OH ) 6 ( SO 4 ) 2 ) $({\rm{K}}{\text{Fe}}_{3}{(\text{OH})}_{6}{({\text{SO}}_{4})}_{2})$. A key insight in the S235 atmospheric corrosion involves two stages: the early rapid corrosion stage followed by a slow stage of linear or power‐law corrosion kinetics due to the formation of stable rust phases.

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“…This result highlights the impact that κ bulk can have on the stability of a pit, and is consistent with Katona et al's finding that lower conductivity solutions (MgCl 2 in contrast to NaCl) decrease the severity of pitting. 52 Variations in WL were also investigated in a 3 M NaCl solution, as a function of both, x and D. For a given geometry, I FEM becomes independent of WL beyond a certain threshold value as shown by near-vertical contour lines in Figs. 7b, 9a, and 10.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pit Stability Predictions of Additively Manufactured SS316 Surfaces Using Finite Element Analysis

Marshall

Katona

Kelly

2022

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Stainless steels are susceptible to localized forms of corrosion attack, such as pitting. The size and lifetime of a nucleated pit can vary, depending on a critical potential or current density criterion, which determines if the pit repassivates or continues growing. This work uses finite element method (FEM) modeling to compare the critical pit radii predicted by thermodynamic and kinetic repassivation criteria. Experimental electrochemical boundary conditions are used to capture the active pit kinetics. Geometric and environmental parameters, such as the pit shape and size (analogous to additively manufactured lack-of-fusion pores), solution concentration, and water layer thickness were considered to assess their impact on the pit repassivation criterion. The critical pit radius (the transition point from stable growth to repassivation) predicted for a hemispherical pit was larger when using the repassivation potential (Erp) criteria, as opposed to the current density criteria (pit stability product). Including both the pit stability product and Erp into its calculations, the analytical maximum pit model predicted a critical radius two times more conservative than the FEA approach, under the conditions studied herein. The complex pits representing lack-of-fusion pores were shown to have minimal impact on the critical radius in atmospheric conditions.

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Importance of the hydrogen evolution reaction in magnesium chloride solutions on stainless steel

Cited by 24 publications

References 78 publications

Influence of Realistic, Cyclic Atmospheric Cycles on the Pitting Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Influence of Realistic, Cyclic Atmospheric Cycles on the Pitting Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Marine atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel in the tropical microclimate of Port Louis

Pit Stability Predictions of Additively Manufactured SS316 Surfaces Using Finite Element Analysis

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