Importance of Protein Kinase and Its Inhibitor: A Review

Abstract

Deregulation of a broad range of protein kinases has been linked to the development and growth of cancer cells. Protein kinases are intracellular enzymes that regulate cell growth and proliferation as well as the triggering and regulation of immune responses. Protein kinases are important therapeutic targets in cancer because of their critical role in signalling mechanisms that drive malignant cell characteristics. Intensive efforts in drug research have been made in this area over the last two decades. The current study delves into the catalytic domain of a protein kinase as well as information transfer from the cell’s membrane to internal targets. It also discusses the function of protein kinases in signal transduction and their cellular signalling pathways. Furthermore, it specifically outlines a systematic method to hybrid therapies to solve the issue of protein kinase resistance. The therapeutic use of nitric oxide, as well as other targets such as Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), Protein Kinase B (Akt), serine/threonine protein kinase (mTOR), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), and anaplastic lymphoma (ALK) etc., According to the review article, selective therapy has shown high effectiveness in the treatment of advanced cancer, with protein kinase inhibitors being a main focus of the therapy. As a result, the latest review summarized that, the current state of science with the aim of identifying a novel protein kinase inhibitor that may be utilized in the treatment of advanced cancers.

Bioprospecting of Selected Species of Polypore Fungi from the Western Balkans

“…Furthermore, it was reported that kinases are among the major targets of polyphenols [ 49 ]. Protein kinases are important therapeutic targets in cancer because of their critical role in signaling mechanisms that drive malignant cell characteristics [ 55 ]. They have the potential to bind to ATP-binding sites thereby modulating the action of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), tyrosine kinases, and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways.…”

Drugging Hijacked Kinase Pathways in Pediatric Oncology: Opportunities and Current Scenario

“…Human protein kinases have been divided into nine classes which are further subdivided into families, and often subfamilies whose actions can alter up to 30% of all cell proteins [ 22 ]. The molecular shifts exerted by them through phosphorylation not only can affect the function of a given protein, but it can also stabilize it, localize it in a particular cellular compartment and modulate its association with other proteins [ 23 ].…”

“…Playing fundamental roles in cell division, survival and migration, their dysregulation is commonly associated with human malignancies and contributes to tumor initiation and all stages of cancer progression. In fact, innumerous mutations, translocations, and amplifications that result in constitutively overexpressed or active kinases have been demonstrated in many human cancers [ 23 ]. Mutations within the catalytic domain serve to stabilize the kinase in an active conformation and to destabilize cis-inhibitory interactions.…”

The Antioxidant Properties of Mushroom Polysaccharides can Potentially Mitigate Oxidative Stress, Beta-Cell Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance

“…PKC also has a role in the progression of insulin tolerance and DM through the regulation of the proliferation and activity of β-cells, and also through insulin secretion and cell death. During pancreatitis, PKC is released following pancreatic injury and inflammation with trypsinogen activation and basolateral exocytosis ( Theivendren et al, 2021 ).…”