Nanoencapsulation
with safe materials improves delivery, stability,
and activity of bioactive components. We report a novel safe, and
effective method for the development of encapsulated antimicrobial
essential oils (EO) for topical creams and gels. The method developed
features three aspects that, to our knowledge, had not been previously
demonstrated: (1) use of novel liposomes (LPs) to encapsulate EOs,
(2) use of the EOs to replace synthetic organic solvents that are
potentially toxic and/or leave harmful residues, and (3) an encapsulation
process at temperatures below the boiling point of water. The LPs
were made from soy lecithin, phytosterol, and α-tocopherol (vitamin
E) that were synthesized using the EOs as the solvent. The liposomes
were converted to nanoliposomes (NLPs) through a series of sonication,
homogenization, and extrusion steps. Transmission electron microscopy
indicated that the NLPs alone and nanoliposome encapsulated EOs (NLP-EOs)
were spherical in shape with sizes ranging between 50 and 115 nm diameter
and with negative zeta potentials ranging from −34 to −43
mV. There was no significant heavy metal contamination [As, Pb, Cd,
Hg] based on inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry MS
analyses. Nearly complete EO encapsulation (95% encapsulation efficiency)
was achieved and confirmed by GC/MS. Three of the NLP-EOs made of
various essential oils were used to make topical formulations (cream
and gel) which exhibited antimicrobial activities against
Escherichia coli
(Gram negative) and
Bacillus subtilis
(Gram positive) bacteria. The creams with NLP-EOs were as active
against the two bacteria in the antimicrobial assays as the conventional
antibiotic Kanamycin that was used as positive control.