Importance of immunometabolic markers for the classification of patients with major depressive disorder using machine learning

Sanchez-Carro, Yolanda; Torre‐Luque, Alejandro de la; Leal-Leturia, Itziar; Salvat‐Pujol, Neus; Massaneda, Clara; Arriba-Arnau, Aida de; Urretavizcaya, Mikel; Pérez‐Solà, Víctor; Toll, Alba; Martínez‐Ruiz, Antonio; Ferreirós-Martínez, Raquel; Pérez, Salvador; Sastre, Juan; Álvarez, Pilar; Soria, Virginia; López-García, Pilar

doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110674

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…In contrast, the DG group was the least likely to consume alcohol. Not consuming alcohol was associated with the diagnosis of depression in previous studies ( 80 ), and this lower alcohol consumption could be associated with the need for psychopharmacological treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Effects of elevated emotional symptoms on metabolic disease development: a 10-year follow-up study

Sanchez-Carro,

de la Torre-Luque,

Vassou

et al. 2023

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundIn recent decades, the relationship between emotional disorders (i.e., depression and anxiety) and alterations in physiological functions (i.e., inflammation or metabolism) have been well supported. However, studies on a symptom-based approach have provided mixed results. Our study aims to gain insight into how subclinical statuses, featured by elevated depressive and/or anxious symptoms, may influence immunometabolic alterations in the concurrent relationship; and the development of metabolic diseases at 10-year follow-up: diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.MethodsData from 758 Greek adults [394 men (aged 41 ± 10 years) and 364 women (aged 37 ± 12 years)] were used. Four groups were created according to the levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms: (1) control group (CG), (2) depressive group (DG), (3) anxiety group (AG) and (4) depressive and anxiety group (DAG). Multi-indicator multi-causes (MIMIC) modeling was used to estimate metabolic function and inflammatory response scores, on a wide selection of blood biomarkers. Finally, a binary logistic regression was carried out to study the influence of symptoms on the development of the aforementioned metabolic diseases on a 10-year follow-up.ResultsGroup membership was not associated with metabolic function score. Conversely, DAG membership was related with higher inflammatory response score (B = 0.20, CI95 = 0.01, 0.40), with respect to the CG (p < 0.05). Both age and sex were significant variables in the calculation of both scores. Regarding disease at 10-year follow-up effect, risk of developing diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia was associated with age and socioeconomic status. Moreover, DG membership was significant for diabetes risk (OR = 2.08, CI95 = 1.00, 4.22) and DAG for hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.68, CI95 = 1.16, 2.43).LimitationsData on anti-inflammatory drugs and psychopharmacological medication were not collected in this study.ConclusionsElevated symptoms of depression and anxiety accounts for inflammatory alterations at concurrent relationship and a higher risk of 10-year follow-up metabolic diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Effects of elevated emotional symptoms on metabolic disease development: a 10-year follow-up study

Sanchez-Carro,

de la Torre-Luque,

Vassou

et al. 2023

Front. Psychiatry

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“…Seven studies addressed the correlation between TNF-α and TRD. Sanchez-Carro et al ( 55 ) provided data supporting the role of TNF-α in discriminating between TRD and HC using a machine learning approach. These findings were replicated in a case–control cross-sectional study on elderly TRD patients, where TNF-α levels were significantly higher in TRD than in the HC group ( 65 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four studies ( 38 , 39 , 41 , 59 ) found elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in TRD patients compared to HC, two studies reported no differences between cases and controls ( 44 , 62 ), while Sanchez-Carro et al ( 55 ) found that CRP does not discriminate between the two groups.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The same authors showed a significantly lower serum activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), a serine protease with a role in cytokine production, in TRD than in HC ( 47 ), and significantly lower levels of the antioxidant Coenzyme Q10 compared to responsive-MDD patients ( 50 ). Sanchez-Carro et al ( 55 ) reported that glutathione and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) could serve as variables to discriminate between TRD patients and HC. Moreover, one study investigated the role of stress-related neuropetide Substance P (SP) in the central nervous system (CNS), by means of standard lumbar puncture techniques ( 36 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Available evidence has reported that TNF-α, whose blood concentration has shown a significant improvement after treatments with antidepressants, is the most relevant biomarker to discriminate TRD patients from both to HC and to treatment-responsive MDD patients ( 55 , 74 ). In the Central Nervous System (CNS) TNF-α promotes serotonin metabolism and enhances the serotonin transporter’s activity ( 76 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological correlates of treatment resistant depression: a review of peripheral biomarkers

Mancuso,

Sampogna,

Boiano

et al. 2023

Front. Psychiatry

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IntroductionMany patients fail to respond to multiple antidepressant interventions, being defined as “treatment-resistant depression” (TRD) patients. TRD is usually associated with increased severity and chronicity of symptoms, increased risk of comorbidity, and higher suicide rates, which make the clinical management challenging. Efforts to distinguish between TRD patients and those who will respond to treatment have been unfruitful so far. Several studies have tried to identify the biological, psychopathological, and psychosocial correlates of depression, with particular attention to the inflammatory system. In this paper we aim to review available studies assessing the full range of biomarkers in TRD patients in order to reshape TRD definition and improve its diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.MethodsWe searched the most relevant medical databases and included studies reporting original data on possible biomarkers of TRD. The keywords “treatment resistant depression” or “TRD” matched with “biomarker,” “inflammation,” “hormone,” “cytokine” or “biological marker” were entered in PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and SCOPUS databases. Articles were included if they included a comparison with healthy controls (HC).ResultsOf the 1878 papers identified, 35 were included in the present study. Higher plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were detected in TRD patients compared to HC. While only a few studies on cortisol have been found, four papers showed elevated levels of C-reactive protein among these patients and four articles focused on immunological cells. Altered kynurenine metabolism in TRD patients was reported in two studies, while contrasting results were found with regard to BDNF.ConclusionOnly a few biological alterations correlate with TRD. TNF-α seems to be the most relevant biomarker to discriminate TRD patients from both HC and treatment-responsive MDD patients. Moreover, several discrepancies among studies have been found, due to methodological differences and the lack of a standardized diagnostic definition of TRD.

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Sex differences in the inflammation-depression link: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Jarkas,

Villeneuve,

Daneshmend

et al. 2024

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

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Importance of immunometabolic markers for the classification of patients with major depressive disorder using machine learning

Cited by 9 publications

References 82 publications

Effects of elevated emotional symptoms on metabolic disease development: a 10-year follow-up study

Effects of elevated emotional symptoms on metabolic disease development: a 10-year follow-up study

Biological correlates of treatment resistant depression: a review of peripheral biomarkers

Sex differences in the inflammation-depression link: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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