Importance of Human Cadaver Studies in Education and Medical Device Research

Holm, Mikayle A.; Iaizzo, Paul A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813068-1.00010-5

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Therefore, the cadavers were formalin-fixed as soon as possible after death [ 46 ]. Holm and Iazzo [ 47 ] highlighted that formalin fixation is still the most widely used and cost-effective technique for embalming human cadavers for education and medical research. Although there is evidence that formalin significantly alters the mechanical/biomechanical behaviour of ligaments, spine, and bone of animals, the histologic structure, density, and the mineral and lipid parameters do not seem to be affected [ 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facts to Consider in Developing Materials That Emulate the Upper Jawbone: A Microarchitecture Study Showing Unique Characteristics at Four Different Sites

et al. 2023

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The maxilla is generally acknowledged as being more trabecular than the mandible. Allograft currently available for use in the maxillofacial region is harvested from the hip and long bones, irrespective of their local characteristics, and grafted onto the jawbones. Other alternative are autograft or commercially available bone substitutes. Due to their inherent differences, an in-depth understanding of the bone microarchitecture is important to develop the most compatible graft for use at the maxilla. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the microstructures of bone harvested from different sites of the maxilla, to be used for standard setting. Forty-nine specimens from seven human cadavers were harvested from the zygomatic buttress, anterior maxillary sinus wall, anterior nasal spine and anterior palate. Each bone block, measuring of 10 mm × 5 mm, was harvested using rotary instruments. Bone analysis was performed following micro-computed tomography to obtain trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and bone volume fraction (BV/TV). There were site-related differences, with BV/TV that ranged between 37.38% and 85.83%. The Tb.N was the lowest at the palate (1.12 (mm−1)) and highest at the anterior maxillary sinus wall (1.41 (mm−1)) region. The palate, however, had the highest trabecular separation value (Tb.Sp) at 0.47 mm. The TB.Th was the lowest at the anterior nasal spine (0.34 mm) but both the zygoma and anterior maxillary sinus regions shared the highest Tb.Th (0.44 mm). Except for having the lowest Th.Sp (0.35 mm), the anterior maxillary sinus wall consistently showed higher values together with the zygomatic buttress in all other parameters. Concurring with current clinical practice of harvesting autograft from the zygomatic buttress and anterior maxillary sinus wall, their bony characteristic serve as the microarchitecture standard to adopt when developing new bone graft materials for use in the maxilla.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facts to Consider in Developing Materials That Emulate the Upper Jawbone: A Microarchitecture Study Showing Unique Characteristics at Four Different Sites

et al. 2023

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“…The use of human bodies in research dates as far back as the 16th century, with the dissection of cadavers for understanding the human anatomy (Varner et al, 2021). Consequently, human corpses have been integrated into teaching for training medical practitioners (Habicht et al, 2018;Holm and Iaizzo, 2019). The study of human cadavers has also been adopted in other disciplines, including forensics -for the purpose of developing and validating new methods to assist forensic experts in death investigations (Gunderman and Wilson, 2005;Shin and Meals, 2005;Turney, 2007;Anyanwu, 2010;Varlet et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of freezing on the post-mortem human microbiome

et al. 2023

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IntroductionHuman donations are often used in forensic research as they can provide unique insights into post-mortem research that cannot be obtained with animal proxies. This is especially true for forensic microbiome research, as human circumstances such as drug-use or health conditions may influence the post-mortem microbiome. However, it is not always feasible to conduct such research immediately after death. Donors are often stored frozen in human taphonomy facilities, pending the start of any experimental study, yet little is known about how freezing may affect their microbiome.MethodsWe assessed the effects of freezing on the post-mortem human microbiome by analysing the microbial diversity and abundance of seven human donors at the Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State (FACTS) before and after freezing. Swab samples were taken from five locations on each corpse upon arrival to FACTS and again after they had been frozen in storage for a period ranging between 11 and 40 days and subsequently thawed.ResultsAfter performing the microbiome analysis of the swabs via 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, we found changes in the abundance levels of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Firmicutes, as well as the presence of the new phyla Deinococcota and Myxococcota after freezing. However, none of these changes were significant when comparing community diversity before and after freezing.DiscussionOverall, our results show that the observed changes in the abundance of specific phyla before and after freezing are negligible, that freezing does not significantly alter the human microbiome and that frozen donors are suitable for forensic studies on the human thanatomicrobiome.

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“…For example, many steps must be taken to ensure that the device will fit correctly within a specified patient population. Typically, animal and cadaver studies are conducted to assist in determining such parameters for a device to fit into the relative anatomies [1]. While these studies offer many benefits, they are costly and time-consuming, and anatomies can vary greatly from living patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Prototyping: Computational Device Placements within Detailed Human Heart Models

et al. 2019

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Data relative to anatomical measurements, spatial relationships, and device–tissue interaction are invaluable to medical device designers. However, obtaining these datasets from a wide range of anatomical specimens can be difficult and time consuming, forcing designers to make decisions on the requisite shapes and sizes of a device from a restricted number of specimens. The Visible Heart® Laboratories have a unique library of over 500 perfusion-fixed human cardiac specimens from organ donors whose hearts (and or lungs) were not deemed viable for transplantation. These hearts encompass a wide variety of pathologies, patient demographics, surgical repairs, and/or interventional procedures. Further, these specimens are an important resource for anatomical study, and their utility may be augmented via generation of 3D computational anatomical models, i.e., from obtained post-fixation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In order to optimize device designs and procedural developments, computer generated models of medical devices and delivery tools can be computationally positioned within any of the generated anatomical models. The resulting co-registered 3D models can be 3D printed and analyzed to better understand relative interfaces between a specific device and cardiac tissues within a large number of diverse cardiac specimens that would be otherwise unattainable.

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Importance of Human Cadaver Studies in Education and Medical Device Research

Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

Facts to Consider in Developing Materials That Emulate the Upper Jawbone: A Microarchitecture Study Showing Unique Characteristics at Four Different Sites

Facts to Consider in Developing Materials That Emulate the Upper Jawbone: A Microarchitecture Study Showing Unique Characteristics at Four Different Sites

The impact of freezing on the post-mortem human microbiome

Virtual Prototyping: Computational Device Placements within Detailed Human Heart Models

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