“…In addition to modifying the lumens, alkaline treatment leads to the partial removal of lignin and surface impurities (63), which are hydrophilic components of the fiber (hydroxyl groups -OH) with greater water absorption capacity. Indeed, the crystallinity index (CI) obtained from X-ray diffraction analysis, shown in Figure 8, indicates that the natural fiber had a CI value of 60.75%, consistent with findings in other studies (64,65), while the fiber subjected to alkaline treatment showed a CI value of 66.22%. This increase, corresponding to a 9% rise in crystallinity, aligns with the reduction of impurities and lignin in the fiber, while preserving cellulose (66).…”