Importance of Chlorine Speciation on de Novo Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans

Wikström, Evalena; Ryan, Shawn; Touati, Abderrahmane; Telfer, Marnie; Tabor, D.; Gullett, Brian K.

doi:10.1021/es026262d

Cited by 74 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…The UP-POP concentrations were far lower in fly ash from the coking processes than from the waste incineration and metallurgical fly ash. The elemental compositions of the raw material and the fly ash are very important in the formation of UP-POPs [13,24], and the effect of chlorine and sulfur on PCDD/F formation has been investigated in many studies [25,26]. The ratio of sulfur to chlorine (R S/Cl ) normally correlates with the PCDD/F concentrations formed, with a low ratio indicating a high chlorine content, which can promote PCDD/F formation, and a low sulfur content, which inhibits PCDD/F formation.…”

Section: Concentrations Of Up-pops In Fly Ash Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations, profiles, and emission factors of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants in fly ash from coking processes

Liu

Cai

2013

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Section: Concentrations Of Up-pops In Fly Ash Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations, profiles, and emission factors of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants in fly ash from coking processes

Liu

Cai

2013

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Many sources for the emission of UP-POPs have been identified and quantified (7,8), and the effects of various parameters on the formation of UPPOPs have been demonstrated in many studies (9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Sources of POPs and their relative importance have changed substantially over the past several decades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Emission of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, Hexachlorobenzene, and Pentachlorobenzene from the Coking Industry

Liu

Wang

et al. 2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

146

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The coking process is considered to be a potential source of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UP-POPs). However, intensive studies on the emission of UP-POPs from the coking industry are still very scarce. Emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz), and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) covered under the Stockholm Convention were investigated for the coking process in this study. Stack gases from some typical coke plants in China were collected and analyzed to estimate the emission of UP-POPs from the coking industry. Emission factors of 28.9 ng WHO-TEQ tonne -1 for PCDD/Fs, 1.7 ng WHO-TEQ tonne -1 for dlPCBs, 596 ng tonne -1 for HxCBz, and 680 ng tonne -1 for PeCBz were derived based on the investigated data. The annual emissions from the global coking industry were estimated to be 15.8 g WHO-TEQ for PCDD/Fs, 0.93 g WHO-TEQ for dl-PCBs, 333 g for HxCBz, and 379 g for PeCBz, respectively (reference year 2007). According to the distribution of PCDD/Fs, we argued for the de novo synthesis to be the major pathway of PCDD/F formation. With regard to the characteristics of dl-PCBs, the most abundant congener was CB-118, and the most dominant contributor to the total WHO-TEQ of dl-PCBs was CB-126. IntroductionPersistent organic pollutants (POPs) are extremely harmful to human health and the environment because of their high toxicity, persistence in the environment, and bioaccumulation through the food web. Once released into the environment, they can be transported and distributed on a global scale by the grasshopper effect and global fractionation (1,2). Minimizing environmental exposure to POPs is an important public goal for environmental protection, also with respect to sustainable development. As it is very difficult to eliminate POPs by photodegradation, chemical degradation, or biodegradation under environmental conditions due to their high stability and persistence (3), controlling and regulating the emission of unintentionally produced POPs (UP-POPs) from key sources is one of the most effective measures for protecting our environment and human health from .Evaluating the emissions of UP-POPs from sources is important for applying the best available technology/best environmental practice (BAT/BEP) to priority sources and developing a POP inventory. Many sources for the emission of UP-POPs have been identified and quantified (7,8), and the effects of various parameters on the formation of UPPOPs have been demonstrated in many studies (9-13). Sources of POPs and their relative importance have changed substantially over the past several decades. Municipal waste incineration was previously a major contributor of UP-POPs to the environment, but following the implementation of various regulations, and improvements in combustion technology and emission cleaning techniques, this is now generally considered to have a lower contribution to the total emissions to air. Thus, some other potential sources ...

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“…For CP3, the gas emitted from charging of the coal was conducted into the adjacent combustion chambers, which might result in very low emission level of the dioxins. It was reported that the composition of raw materials in thermally related processes had significant influence on dioxins formations and emissions (Tuppurainen et al, 1998;Hatanaka et al, 2000;Wikström and Marklund, 2001;Wikstörm et al, 2003;Wang et al, 2003;Zheng et al, 2004). Therefore, the contents and forms of some elements in coal used for coke production, such as chlorine, copper, and sulfur, are supposed to also affect dioxin emissions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary investigation on emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls from coke plants in China

Liu

et al. 2009

Chemosphere

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a b s t r a c tThermal related processes are widely recognized as the main sources of formation and emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). It is well known that, carbonization of coal in coke production involves many thermal reactions at high-temperature. However, there are still no strong evidences to identify coking processes as source of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. In this study, coke production was qualified and quantified for emission of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) in some typical coke plants in China. In the preliminary investigation, stack gases from three typical coke plants were collected, and dl-PCBs and 2378-substituted PCDD/Fs were analyzed by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS technique. The total toxic equivalents of dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs were in the range of 1.6-1785.4 pg WHO-TEQ Nm À3 . For dl-PCBs, the most abundant congener was CB-118, and the most dominant contributor to total WHO-TEQ of dl-PCBs was CB-126. With regard to PCDD/Fs, four congeners comprised of OCDD, 1234678-HpCDD, 1234678-HpCDF and OCDF were the predominant species in stack gases. Further investigation on the emission of dioxins from coking industry is still in process.

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Importance of Chlorine Speciation on de Novo Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans

Cited by 74 publications

References 30 publications

Concentrations, profiles, and emission factors of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants in fly ash from coking processes

Concentrations, profiles, and emission factors of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants in fly ash from coking processes

Atmospheric Emission of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, Hexachlorobenzene, and Pentachlorobenzene from the Coking Industry

A preliminary investigation on emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls from coke plants in China

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