Implicitly-learned spatial attention is unimpaired in patients with Parkinson's disease

Sisk, Caitlin A.; Twedell, Emily L; Koutstaal, Wilma; Cooper, Scott E.; Jiang, Yuhong

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.030

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…However, previous studies that manipulated set size have consistently found a reduction in search slope. Search efficiency, as indexed by the slope in the linear function relating RT to set size, is greater in the high-probability than low-probability quadrants (Jiang, Swallow, & Rosenbaum, 2013; Sisk, Twedell, Koutstaal, Cooper, & Jiang, 2018). As we will show in Experiment 2, eye movement data also provide evidence that the location probability manipulation affects search shortly after the onset of the search display.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical learning of anomalous regions in complex faux X-ray images does not transfer between detection and discrimination

2018

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The visual environment contains predictable information - “statistical regularities” - that can be used to aid perception and attentional allocation. Here we investigate the role of statistical learning in facilitating search tasks that resemble medical-image perception. Using faux X-ray images, we employed two tasks that mimicked two problems in medical-image perception: detecting a target signal that is poorly segmented from the background; and discriminating a candidate anomaly from benign signals. In the first, participants searched a heavily camouflaged target embedded in cloud-like noise. In the second, the noise opacity was reduced, but the target appeared among visually similar distractors. We tested the hypothesis that learning may be task-specific. To this end, we introduced statistical regularities by presenting the target disproportionately more frequently in one region of the space. This manipulation successfully induced incidental learning of the target’s location probability, producing faster search when the target appeared in the high-probability region. The learned attentional preference persisted through a testing phase in which the target’s location was random. Supporting the task-specificity hypothesis, when the task changed between training and testing, the learned priority did not transfer. Eye tracking showed fewer, but longer, fixations in the detection than in the discrimination task. The observation of task-specificity of statistical learning has implications for theories of spatial attention and sheds light on the design of effective training tasks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical learning of anomalous regions in complex faux X-ray images does not transfer between detection and discrimination

2018

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“…An attentional habit is conceptualized as being "gradually learned, occurring repeatedly and remarkably fixed, automatic and unconscious, and typically involving a structured action sequence elicited by particular contexts" (Jiang & Sisk, 2019, p. 65). This interpretation was supported not only by the evidence that the bias persisted during the unbiased stage but also by the fact that it did not decline at all (Addleman et al, 2019, Experiment 1;Jiang et al, 2015aJiang et al, , 2016Jiang & Swallow 2013a, 2013bJiang, Swallow, & Sun, 2014a;Jiang, Swallow, Rosenbaum, & Herzig, 2013c;Sisk et al, 2018). This result resembles habitual processes as studied in other areas of research, where habit learning seems to be slow and highly persistent (Bayley et al, 2005;Dickinson, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Is probabilistic cuing of visual search an inflexible attentional habit? A meta-analytic review

et al. 2021

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AbstractIn studies on probabilistic cuing of visual search, participants search for a target among several distractors and report some feature of the target. In a biased stage the target appears more frequently in one specific area of the search display. Eventually, participants become faster at finding the target in that rich region compared to the sparse region. In some experiments, this stage is followed by an unbiased stage, where the target is evenly located across all regions of the display. Despite this change in the spatial distribution of targets, search speed usually remains faster when the target is located in the previously rich region. The persistence of the bias even when it is no longer advantageous has been taken as evidence that this phenomenon is an attentional habit. The aim of this meta-analysis was to test whether the magnitude of probabilistic cuing decreases from the biased to the unbiased stage. A meta-analysis of 42 studies confirmed that probabilistic cuing during the unbiased stage was roughly half the size of cuing during the biased stage, and this decrease persisted even after correcting for publication bias. Thus, the evidence supporting the claim that probabilistic cuing is an attentional habit might not be as compelling as previously thought.

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“…Previous findings could predict either intact or impaired location probability learning following central vision loss. On the one hand, probability learning is intact in other populations with impairments to goal-driven attention, including Parkinson's patients (Sisk, Twedell, Koutstaal, Cooper, & Jiang, 2018), children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (Jiang, Capistrano, Esler, & Swallow, 2013), and healthy older adults (Twedell et al, 2017). On the other hand, certain theories suggest that probability learning involves mechanisms of attentional guidance that may be disrupted by CVL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulated central vision loss impairs implicit location probability learning

Addleman

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Jiang

2021

Cortex

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Some eye diseases, especially macular degeneration, can cause central vision loss (CVL), impairing goal-driven guidance of attention. Does CVL also affect implicit, experience-driven attention? We investigated how simulated central scotomas affected young adults' ability to prioritize locations frequently containing visual search targets (location probability learning). Participants searched among distractor letter 'L's for a target 'T' that appeared more often in one screen quadrant than others. To dissociate potential impairments to statistical learning of target locations and attentional guidance, two experiments each included search with and without simulated scotomas. Experiment 1 successfully induced probability learning in a no scotoma phase. When participants later searched both with and without simulated scotomas, they showed persistent, statistically equivalent spatial biases in both no-scotoma and scotoma search. Experiment 2 trained participants with a central scotoma. While Experiment 1's participants acquired probability learning regardless of their self-reported awareness of the target's location probability, in Experiment 2 only aware participants learned to bias attention to the high probability region. Similarly, learning with a scotoma affected search with no scotoma in aware but not unaware participants. Together, these results show that simulated central vision loss interferes with the acquisition of implicitly learned location probability learning, supporting a role of central vision in implicit spatial attentional biases.

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Implicitly-learned spatial attention is unimpaired in patients with Parkinson's disease

Cited by 20 publications

References 51 publications

Statistical learning of anomalous regions in complex faux X-ray images does not transfer between detection and discrimination

Statistical learning of anomalous regions in complex faux X-ray images does not transfer between detection and discrimination

Is probabilistic cuing of visual search an inflexible attentional habit? A meta-analytic review

Simulated central vision loss impairs implicit location probability learning

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