Implicit measures with reproducible results: The implicitMeasures package

Epifania, Ottavia M.; Anselmi, Pasquale; Robusto, Egidio

doi:10.21105/joss.02394

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Responses faster than 350 ms and non-responses (i.e., responses exceeding 1,500 ms) were replaced by the average response time of the block in which the error occurred, increased by a 400 ms penalty. When there were 25% or more incorrect responses in at least one of the critical blocks, the D-scores were taken to be “out of accuracy” ( Epifania et al, 2020 ) and were not considered for further analyses. The D-scores were computed so that a positive value indicated a positive implicit attitude toward the object (i.e., PPE are associated with safety ; social situations are associated with good ) while a negative value indicated a negative attitude toward the object (i.e., PPE were associated with danger ; social situations were associated with bad ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The D-scores were computed so that a positive value indicated a positive implicit attitude toward the object (i.e., PPE are associated with safety ; social situations are associated with good ) while a negative value indicated a negative attitude toward the object (i.e., PPE were associated with danger ; social situations were associated with bad ). D-scores were obtained using the R package ImplicitMeasures ( Epifania et al, 2020 ). D-scores of 0.15, 0.35, and 0.65 in absolute values were considered as “slight”, “moderate”, and “strong” effects, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 emergency: the influence of implicit attitudes, information sources, and individual characteristics on psychological distress, intentions to get vaccinated, and compliance with restrictive rules

Colledani¹,

Anselmi²,

Robusto³

2021

Health Psychology Report

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health psychology report •  original article backgroundTo limit the spread of the COVID-19 emergency, a massive vaccination program was implemented and restrictive measures were imposed on the population. However, the propensity to adhere to the vaccination program has struggled to take off. Moreover, complying with the restrictive rules and maintaining social distancing have been highly distressing for many individuals. participants and procedureItalian participants (N = 140, females = 65%, mean age = 29.50, SD = 10.80) were presented with an online survey consisting of multiple-choice questions and two single-category implicit association tests (SC-IATs). One SC-IAT evaluated the tendency of participants to automatically associate personal protective equipment (PPE) and vaccines with safety or danger; the other evaluated their tendency to automatically associate social situations with good or bad. Multiple-choice questions explored individual, social, and environmental factors that were expected to contribute to vaccine propensity, compliance with restrictive rules, and feelings of distress. resultsUsing scientific information sources was related to implicitly associating PPE and vaccines with safety, which in turn was associated with the propensity to get the vaccine. Moreover, being female, young, unsatisfied with social relationships, having suffered health and economic consequences due to the pandemic, and having negative implicit attitudes toward social situations contributed to increasing feelings of distress. conclusionsCommunication may contribute to individuals' behavior and preferences and it can also be associated with implicit attitudes, becoming consequently one of the main leverages to reduce vaccine hesitancy. Recovery programs should prioritize the development of interventions aimed at fostering psychological well-being through the enhancement of social contacts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 emergency: the influence of implicit attitudes, information sources, and individual characteristics on psychological distress, intentions to get vaccinated, and compliance with restrictive rules

Colledani¹,

Anselmi²,

Robusto³

2021

Health Psychology Report

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“…It is assumed that such tasks will be performed with a higher accuracy and in less time if the presented stimuli that represent the conditions and categories are in line with the person's attitudes toward the topic being evaluated. Roughly speaking, the actual measurement of individual bias, in the form of a differential score, is then calculated from the difference in the response times (latencies) for the contrasting conditions and stimuli that the test subject is asked to categorize (24). A popular test method in this context is the implicit association test (IAT) that was first introduced by Greenwald et al in the late 1990s (25,26).…”

Section: The Implicit Association Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of Mobile Psychological Testing on Smart Devices: Evaluation of a ResearchKit-Based Design Approach for the Implicit Association Test

Jungnickel

Jan

Albrecht

2022

Front. Digit. Health

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ObjectiveTo determine whether a framework-based approach for mobile apps is appropriate for the implementation of psychological testing, and equivalent to established methods.MethodsApple's ResearchKit was used for implementing native implicit association test methods (IAT), and an exemplary app was developed to examine users' implicit attitudes toward overweight or thin individuals. For comparison, a web-based IAT app, based on code provided by Project Implicit, was used. Adult volunteers were asked to test both versions on an iPad with touch as well as keyboard input (altogether four tests per participant, random order). Latency values were recorded and used to calculate parameters relevant to the implicit setting. Measurements were analyzed with respect to app type and input method, as well as test order (ANOVA and χ2 tests).ResultsFifty-one datasets were acquired (female, n = 21; male, n = 30, average age 35 ± 4.66 years). Test order and combination of app type and input method influenced the latency values significantly (both P<0.001). This was not mirrored for the D scores or average number of errors vs. app type combined with input method (D scores: P = 0.66; number of errors: P = 0.733) or test order (D scores: P = 0.096; number of errors: P = 0.85). Post-hoc power analysis of the linear ANOVA showed 0.8 by f2=0.25, with α = 0.05 and 4 predictors.ConclusionsThe results suggest that a native mobile implementation of the IAT may be comparable to established implementations. The validity of the acquired measurements seems to depend on the properties of the chosen test rather than the specifics of the chosen platform or input method.

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“…The algorithms for the computation of the D score are described in Greenwald et al (2003). Different open-source resources are available for the computation of these algorithms, including an R package (i.e., implicitMeasures, Epifania et al, 2020a) and a point-and-drop web application (Epifania et al, 2020c).…”

Section: The Implicit Association Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit social cognition through the years: The Implicit Association Test at age 21.

Epifania¹,

Anselmi²,

Robusto³

2022

Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice

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Implicit measures allow for the indirect investigation of psychological constructs by measuring the automatic associations between evaluative dimensions and attitude objects. Among these implicit measures, the Implicit Association Test (IAT;Greenwald et al., 1998) is one of the most studied and used. Despite the existence of many literature reviews on the IAT and the constructs it assesses, none of them provides information on the spread of its use in different fields of application. This literature review is aimed at filling this gap by providing an overview on the use of the IAT from the year of its first introduction until today. The main fields of application of the IAT, the specific topics for which it has been used, and its concurrent use with other implicit measures are highlighted and described. The results indicate the growing use of the IAT in ever wider and more varied range of fields.

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Implicit measures with reproducible results: The implicitMeasures package

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

COVID-19 emergency: the influence of implicit attitudes, information sources, and individual characteristics on psychological distress, intentions to get vaccinated, and compliance with restrictive rules

COVID-19 emergency: the influence of implicit attitudes, information sources, and individual characteristics on psychological distress, intentions to get vaccinated, and compliance with restrictive rules

Implementation of Mobile Psychological Testing on Smart Devices: Evaluation of a ResearchKit-Based Design Approach for the Implicit Association Test

Implicit social cognition through the years: The Implicit Association Test at age 21.

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