Implicit and Explicit Processes in Motor Learning

Turvey, M. T.

doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262018555.003.0006

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…However, in our study, a role for mechanical reasoning seems unlikely given that the task of the participant was to assemble tools to fit an existing function, rather than to determine the function of an existing tool. More parsimonious with both evolutionary theory and natural law is the hypothesis that perception of the affordances of tools is less reflective of the ability to develop or refer to mental representations (or other cognitive mechanisms) and is more reflective of the ability to detect complex stimulation patterns that are informative about such affordances (Mantel et al 2015;Reed 1996;Turvey 2013;Wagman 2002Wagman , 2010. Moreover, the focus of our study was on hierarchical nesting of affordances, not on the properties of tools, per se.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sensitivity to hierarchical relations among affordances in the assembly of asymmetric tools

2016

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Research on affordances typically has focused on the identification and perception of a single affordance. However, in daily life, multiple affordances are available. We investigated potential hierarchical relations among affordances of tools in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants assembled a tool consisting of an L-shaped object and attached masses so as to perform a particular behavior on a target object-tipping over or sliding it-located at a particular distance from the participant. In Experiment 2, participants performed the same task with additional precision constraints on the tool use task. In both experiments, participants selected longer objects when target objects were farther away and added more mass to tools to be used for tipping than for sliding. The results were compatible with the hypothesis that participants were simultaneously sensitive to affordances for tool assembly (as revealed in their actualization of affordances in tool assembly) and, prospectively, to affordances for tool use (as revealed in relations between assembled tools and the nature of tasks for which they were assembled).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sensitivity to hierarchical relations among affordances in the assembly of asymmetric tools

2016

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“…Such results suggest that, with respect to perceiving a given affordance, the particulars of a given energy array may be irrelevant so long as that array can be lawfully structured by the relevant animalenvironment relationship. The results of this experiment build on and extend such findings by suggesting that, with respect to perceiving a given affordance, the particulars of a given nervous system and brain may be irrelevant, so long as the animal can detect the lawful structure in that array that is informative about the relevant animal-environment relationship (see Turvey, 2013). More conservatively, the results of the experiment reported here suggest that the ability to perceive a given affordance may not depend on a particular kind of brain and nervous system (Cabrera et al, 2013;Sonoda et al, 2012;see Shaffer et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Moreover, in large part, scientific psychology is the science of agency-the ability to select, perceive, and actualize affordances appropriately based on intention (E. J. Gibson, 1994).We propose that investigating perception of affordances over the variety of circumstances in which they are encountered, and by the variety of species that encounter them, will aid in developing a more general scientific psychology and thus more closely align psychology with the natural sciences (Turvey, 2013;Wagman, 2010).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As described in the introduction, over the last few decades there has been a great deal of research on perception of affordances by humans and comparatively little on perception of affordances by nonhumans-in particular, on perception of affordances by canines (see Dotov et al, 2012;Fajen et al, 2009;Turvey, 2013). Therefore, there is much ground to be covered in future research.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Doggone affordances: Canine perception of affordances for reaching

2017

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Performing any behavior requires perceiving affordances-whether and how that behavior can be performed. Perception of affordances exhibits action scalingchoices about when to transition between two different modes of behavior reflect the fit between action capabilities and environmental properties. The boundary between distances that are perceived to be reachable with an arm-only reach and those that are perceived to be reachable with an arm-plustorso reach occurs at farther distances for long-armed than for short-armed people, but at the same ratio of objectdistance-to-arm length for both groups. To the extent that perception of affordances is supported by detection of invariant stimulation patterns, perception of a given affordance ought to exhibit action scaling regardless of species. We investigated the heights at which dogs chose to transition from reaching with the head only to rearing (i.e., reaching with the head plus torso). This transition occurred at a taller height for tall than for short dogs, but at the same ratio of shoulder-height-totreat-height for both groups. The results demonstrate a similarity in perception of affordances across species and suggest that perception of affordances is supported by detection of lawfully structured stimulation patterns that may be invariant across species.

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“…Arguments can be given, however, for seeking "first principles" that are progenitors of the regularities at the ecological scale (for an overview see Turvey & Carello, 2012). In important respects, to engage the muddles of anticipation and memory is to engage the scientific explanation of agency, the fact that all organisms (all members of the 96 phyla) manifest some degree of autonomy and control in their encounters (Turvey, 2013). As underscored by E. Gibson (1994) and Reed (1996), agency encompasses (a) variation of means to bring about an end (flexibility), (b) coordinating current control with prior states of affairs (retrospectivity), and (c) coordinating current control with emerging states of affairs (prospectivity).…”

Section: On "Radical Solutions"mentioning

confidence: 98%

The Muddle of Anticipation

Stepp

Turvey

2015

Ecological Psychology

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In J. J. Gibson's classic paper "The Problem of Temporal Order in Stimulation and Perception" (1966a), he referred to the difficulties encountered when attempting a sharp distinction between memory and perception as "the muddle of memory." Resolution of the muddle by J. J. Gibson proceeded by blurring the distinction itself. We develop the conjugate "muddle of anticipation" similarly by blurring the sharp distinction traditionally drawn between anticipation and perception. The subsequent redefinition of the problem is grounded in strong anticipation equated with anticipating synchronization-that which arises from a system itself via lawful regularities embedded in the system's ordinary mode of function. We identify the fit of strong anticipation's properties to J. J. Gibson's ecological approach and in so doing introduce the possibility of a potentially deep connection between them, namely, that the coordination of perception with surroundings (direct perception) is a special case of strong anticipation. TWO MUDDLESJ. J. Gibson (1966a) wrote about the "muddle of memory," referring to the difficulty of defining memory in any way other than through introspection, which

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Implicit and Explicit Processes in Motor Learning

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Sensitivity to hierarchical relations among affordances in the assembly of asymmetric tools

Sensitivity to hierarchical relations among affordances in the assembly of asymmetric tools

Doggone affordances: Canine perception of affordances for reaching

The Muddle of Anticipation

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