Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction.

Dovidio, John F.; Kawakami, Kerry; Gaertner, Samuel L.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.62

Cited by 1,187 publications

(1,200 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…Past research has shown that implicit measures predict relatively automatic aspects of behavior that occur outside of conscious control, including spontaneous nonverbal behavior; in contrast, explicit measures better predict more consciously controlled behaviors, such as speech (e.g., Asendorpf, Banse, & Mücke, 2002;Dovidio et al, 2002;McConnell & Leibold, 2001). Although the current task involved the decoding rather than encoding of nonverbal signals, it nevertheless involved an on-line, dynamic perceptual judgment that required a rapid assessment of a changing stimulus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditional, explicit measures may fail to capture subtle or automatic attitudinal biases of which people may be largely unaware. Implicit measures, based on differences in reaction times to attitude-relevant stimuli, may better capture the aspects of prejudiced attitudes that are most relevant in the rapid parsing of nonverbal displays (e.g., Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2002).…”

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Facing Prejudice

2003

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Abstract-The human face is central to social interaction and thus is of primary importance in social perception. Considering the inherently social nature of face perception, surprisingly little research has investigated the influence of social attitudes on the decoding of facial affect. Stereotypes clearly influence how people interpret the behavior of others. For instance, Duncan (1976) showed that ambiguous behavior was interpreted more negatively when performed by a Black actor than when it was performed by a White actor. Similarly, Sagar and Schofield (1980) found that ambiguously hostile behaviors were rated as more hostile when performed by a Black rather than White actor. Thus, cultural stereotypes tend to bias interpretations of ambiguous behaviors of Black targets in a negative manner.Given these biases in behavioral interpretation, one might expect that stereotypes would also influence the interpretation of facial affect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Facing Prejudice

2003

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“…Third, it is possible that some parents presented themselves in a socially desirable manner. Along similar lines, the measure of color-blind racial attitudes used in this investigation assessed only awareness of more blatant forms of racism and not more subtle, covert, or implicit forms of racism that very well may affect parenting behavior (Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2002). Fourth, the internal reliability and construct validity of the measure of racialization parenting beliefs needs to be improved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural socialization in families with internationally adopted children.

Lee¹,

Grotevant²,

Hellerstedt³

et al. 2006

Journal of Family Psychology

151

195

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Cultural socialization attitudes, beliefs, and parenting behaviors were examined in families with internationally adopted children. The authors hypothesized that parents with lower color-blind racial attitudes would be more likely to engage in enculturation and racialization parenting behaviors because they hold stronger beliefs in the value and importance of cultural socialization. Using data from the Minnesota International Adoption Project, the results support this mediation model of cultural socialization. Individual variations in cultural socialization also are discussed in terms of child development and shifting adoption attitudes and practices.Keywords cultural socialization; international adoption; parenting; racial attitudes; transracial International adoption is becoming an increasingly popular means to form a family in the United States. Since 1971, over 330,000 children have been adopted from other countries, and there has been a threefold increase in the annual rate of international adoption, from 7,093 children in 1990 to 22,884 children in 2004 (U.S. Department of State, 2005). The increase in international adoption is attributed to war, poverty, and the lack of social welfare in sending countries and, in the United States, to increased infertility rates, perceived difficulties associated with domestic adoption, preference to adopt infants rather than older children, and a disinclination toward foster care adoption (R. M. Lee, 2003). Today, children-mostly infants and toddlers-are adopted annually from over 100 countries, with approximately 90% of children adopted from just 20 countries and the majority from China, Russia, South Korea, and Guatemala.International adoption also reflects a larger, growing trend toward multiracial and multiethnic families, who face unique challenges in the upbringing of children of different ethnic and racial heritages. Research suggests that same-race and transracially adopted children begin to become aware of racial differences, as well as their adoptive status, as early as 4-5 years of age (Brodzinsky, Singer, & Braff, 1984;Huh & Reid, 2000). As transracial adoptees grow older, Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Richard M. Lee Lee & Quintana, 2005). At the same time, they may begin to experience feelings of loss of birth culture and family history and the growing awareness of racism and discrimination in their everyday lives (Meier, 1999;Powell & Affi, 2005). This feeling of loss, in turn, has been found to be associated with greater depressive symptoms and lower self-worth among domestically and internationally adopted preadolescents (Smith & Brodzinsky, 2002). Similarly, Cederblad, Höök, Irhammer, and Mercke (1999) reported that uncertainty about one's ethnic identity and perceived discrimination are related to greater psychological distress and lower self-esteem among international adoptees. Adoptive parents, most of whom are White and of European descent, likewise are confronted with decisions about when and how to appropri...

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“…or indirectly through so-called implicit measures, which infer bias from the speed with which a response is made (Fazio et al, 1995;Greenwald et al, 1998). While explicit biases are thought to reflect relatively deliberate and conscious mental processes, implicit biases are thought to reflect more automatic processes that operate outside of conscious awareness (Dovidio et al, 2002;Gawronski et al, 2008). As implicit and explicit biases are independent constructs among Blacks (Livingston, 2002), they may each contribute to pathways (e.g., perceived discrimination and anger) that have negative health consequences.…”

Section: The Link Between Bias and Ingroup Health For Blacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit

Leitner

Hehman

Ayduk

et al. 2016

Social Science & Medicine

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a b s t r a c tRationale: Research suggests that, among Whites, racial bias predicts negative ingroup health outcomes. However, little is known about whether racial bias predicts ingroup health outcomes among minority populations. Objective: The aim of the current research was to understand whether racial bias predicts negative ingroup health outcomes for Blacks. Method: We compiled racial bias responses from 250,665 Blacks and 1,391,632 Whites to generate county-level estimates of Blacks' and Whites' implicit and explicit biases towards each other. We then examined the degree to which these biases predicted ingroup death rate from circulatory-related diseases. Results: In counties where Blacks harbored more implicit bias towards Whites, Blacks died at a higher rate. Additionally, consistent with previous research, in counties where Whites harbored more explicit bias towards Blacks, Whites died at a higher rate. These links between racial bias and ingroup death rate were independent of county-level socio-demographic characteristics, and racial biases from the outgroup in the same county. Conclusion: Findings indicate that racial bias is related to negative ingroup health outcomes for both Blacks and Whites, though this relationship is driven by implicit bias for Blacks, and explicit bias for Whites.

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Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction.

Cited by 1,187 publications

References 15 publications

Facing Prejudice

Facing Prejudice

Cultural socialization in families with internationally adopted children.

Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit

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