Implicit and Explicit Memory in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury

Shum, David; Jamieson, Elizabeth; Bahr, Mark; Wallace, Geoff

doi:10.1076/jcen.21.2.149.929

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…The patients claimed that the speed of psycho-motor activity (e.g., speech and writing) drastically slowed following the injury. These introspective data of Abe (2000a;2000b) are consistent with the previous evidences (scholastic ability: Ewing-Cobbs et al, 1998; event memory: Arciniegas, Olincy, Topkoff, McRae, Cawthra, Filley, Reite, & Adler, 2000;Cooke & Kausler, 1995;Shum, Jamieson, Bahr, & Wallace, 1999;Shum, Valentine, & Cutmore, 1999;attention: Chan, 2001;Christodoulou, DeLuca, Ricker, Madigan, Bly, Lange, Kalnin, Liu, Steffener, Diamond, & Ni, 2001;Fenwick & Anderson, 1999;Leclercq, Couillet, Azouvi, Marliner, Martin, Strypstein, & Rousseaux, 2000;Tate, 1999).…”

supporting

confidence: 80%

Re-Analysis of the Performance of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients on the Available Neuropsychological Tests

Ito

Hatta

2003

PSYCHOLOGIA -An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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The aim of this study was to re-analyze the performance of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients on the available neuropsychological tests, and to introduce how to develop a desirable screening test battery. The relationship between the cognitive status and the sub-scale scores of the neuropsychological tests such as Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) was analyzed by step-wise multipleregression analyses. Four facets of cognitive status were the criterion variables (scholastic ability, memory, attention, and information processing speed), which were rated by four medical staff members. The explanatory variables were the subtest scores of WAIS-R, Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test, Mini-Mental State Examination, Prose Recall Test, and Letter Cancellation Test. Based on the findings of multiple-regression analyses, a desirable screening test battery was proposed. Key words: traumatic brain injury, cognitive disorder, screening test batteryIn recent years, cognitive disorders of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients have become one of the main topics in neuropsychology (e.g. Ponsford, Sloan, & Snow, 1995;Rose & Johnson, 1996). In this trend, researchers have begun to examine the relations between TBI and cognitive functions in more detail. For example, Whyte, Schuster, Potansky, Adams, and Coslett (2000) reported that TBI patients were markedly less attentive than demographically comparable controls. Researches also indicate that TBI patients show memory disorders. Shum, Harris, and Gorman (2000) investigated an effect of TBI on visual memory, and found that TBI patients made more false-positive errors than controls. Ewing-Cobbs, Fletcher, Levin, Iovino, and Miner (1998) found that patients showed a decline of academic achievement in a prospective longitudinal followup study (2 years). In their studies, TBI patients scored lower than controls on arithmetic and reading comprehension tests, and the achievement score of patients did not recover even after 6 months after injury.In Japan, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has started a new research project about cognitive disorders of TBI patients from July 2001. Based on this action, we started to investigate cognitive functions after injury. But there are several critical problems for

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supporting

confidence: 80%

Re-Analysis of the Performance of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients on the Available Neuropsychological Tests

Ito

Hatta

2003

PSYCHOLOGIA -An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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“…Similarly, the infrequent reporting of implicit memory loss in day-to-day functioning tends to support the results of laboratory-based studies of visual priming and procedural learning, which found that children with moderate-to-severe TBI were unimpaired on these tasks compared with control groups [14,15]. Taken together, the parents' reports of impaired explicit and generally-preserved implicit memory in their children tend to demonstrate the ecological validity of a theorized functional dissociation between these two types of memory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Taken together, the parents' reports of impaired explicit and generally-preserved implicit memory in their children tend to demonstrate the ecological validity of a theorized functional dissociation between these two types of memory. This dissociation was first noted by Cohen and Squire [57] and has been reported consistently since in adults [21][22][23] and children with TBI [14,15]. This functional distinction suggests an anatomical dissociation (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Interview study of the effects of paediatric traumatic brain injury on memory

Ward¹,

Shum²,

Dick³

et al. 2004

Brain Injury

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“…This finding illustrates the benefits of the Gollin test as a particularly good instrument for measuring perceptual learning, priming, and memory (Shum et al 1999; Warrington and Weiskrantz 1968ösee section 1). In the present study, we have shown that the influence of spectral similarity between the figure and mask becomes smaller with repeated exposures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Incomplete Figure Perception and Invisible Masking

et al. 2006

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The Gollin test (measuring recognition thresholds for fragmented line drawings of everyday objects and animals) has traditionally been regarded as a test of incomplete figure perception or 'closure', though there is a debate about how such closure is achieved. Here, figural incompleteness is considered to be the result of masking, such that absence of contour elements of a fragmented figure is the result of the influence of an 'invisible' mask. It is as though the figure is partly obscured by a mask having parameters identical to those of the background. This mask is 'invisible' only consciously, but for the early stages of visual processing it is real and has properties of multiplicative noise. Incomplete Gollin figures were modeled as the figure covered by the mask with randomly distributed transparent and opaque patches. We adjusted the statistical characteristics of the contour image and empty noise patches and processed those using spatial and spatial-frequency measures. Across 73 figures, despite inter-subject variability, mean recognition threshold was always approximately 15% of total contour in naive observers. Recognition worsened with increasing spectral similarity between the figure and the 'invisible' mask. Near threshold, the spectrum of the fragmented image was equally similar to that of the 'invisible' mask and complete image. The correlation between spectral parameters of figures at threshold and complete figures was greatest for figures that were most easily recognised. Across test sessions, thresholds reduced when either figure or mask parameters were familiar. We argue that recognition thresholds for Gollin stimuli in part reflect the extraction of signal from noise.

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Implicit and Explicit Memory in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury

Cited by 22 publications

References 19 publications

Re-Analysis of the Performance of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients on the Available Neuropsychological Tests

Re-Analysis of the Performance of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients on the Available Neuropsychological Tests

Interview study of the effects of paediatric traumatic brain injury on memory

Incomplete Figure Perception and Invisible Masking

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