Implicit and explicit internalized stigma: Relationship with risky behaviors, psychosocial functioning and healthcare access among people who inject drugs

Abstract

This research highlights the importance of ongoing research into the implications of internalized stigma for PWID. Assessing both explicit and implicit internalized stigma appears to be beneficial as these are related to different health and behavioral outcomes.

The Impact of Indigenous Identity and Treatment Seeking Intention on the Stigmatization of Substance Use

“…Endorsement of social stigma and internalized stigma were both negatively related to attitudes towards seeking counselling, which are directly related to intentions to seek counselling. Other studies have reported that the relationship between social stigma and intentions to seek counselling were mediated by internalized stigma, suggesting that those who internalize social stigma are less likely to intend to seek treatment compared to those who do not internalize social stigma von Hippel et al, 2018). As such, both forms of stigma can influence attitudes and have important implications for help-seeking behaviours (Bathje & Pryor, 2011;Corrigan, 2004).…”

“…Internalized stigma is related to several negative outcomes for marginalized groups, such as increased rates of depression and lower rates of help-seeking behaviour (von Hippel, Brener, & Horwitz, 2018).…”

How stigmatising language affects people in Australia who use tobacco, alcohol and other drugs

“…The experience of stigma can lead to an internalisation of negative views of self as not worthy, less capable, less deserving and at fault. 19 People who use TAOD are a stigmatised group. TAOD use, when seen as a personal choice, suggests self-induced adverse outcomes.…”

Responding to a national policy need: development of a stigma indicator for bloodborne viruses and sexually transmissible infections

“…Whether a person anticipates, perceives or experiences stigma and discrimination, this can result in harmful effects on their quality of life, relationships and healthcare utilisation 20,21 . Common adverse outcomes include stress, shame, depression, isolation, maladaptive coping, poor emotional regulation and increased risk taking 22–26 . Stigmatised individuals are also less likely to disclose health conditions (in both healthcare and interpersonal contexts), more likely to avoid healthcare consultations, and less likely to adhere to treatment, thereby reducing treatment effectiveness 26–29 .…”

“…Common adverse outcomes include stress, shame, depression, isolation, maladaptive coping, poor emotional regulation and increased risk taking 22–26 . Stigmatised individuals are also less likely to disclose health conditions (in both healthcare and interpersonal contexts), more likely to avoid healthcare consultations, and less likely to adhere to treatment, thereby reducing treatment effectiveness 26–29 . In addition, some healthcare workers may hold negative attitudes towards stigmatised client groups, resulting in discriminatory practices, e.g.…”