Implications of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hyperpigmentation Disorders

Abstract

Oxidative stress represents an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the ability of antioxidant systems to decompose those products. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, melanoma, and other skin diseases. Regulatory networks involving oxidative stress and related pathways are widely represented in hypopigmentation diseases, particularly vitiligo. However, there is no complete review into the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation disorders, especially regarding associations involving oxidative stress and cellular signaling pathways. Here, we review oxidative and antioxidant systems, oxidative stress-induced signal transduction mechanisms, and effects of antioxidant drugs used in preclinical and clinical settings in hyperpigmentation disorders.

Effects of a grapeseed oil (Vitis vinifera L.) loaded dermocosmetic nanoemulgel on biophysical parameters of facial skin: A split‐face, blinded, placebo‐controlled study

“…2 Previous studies have shown that exposure to ultraviolet radiations can result in tanning or hyperpigmentation of the human skin. 3 Interestingly in this study, the novel grapeseed oil-loaded dermocosmetic nanoemulgel resulted in continuous and statistically significant decline in skin melanin levels. Grapeseed oil is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids.…”

“…Symptoms of this damage include erythema, inflammation, pigmentation, coarseness, wrinkles, and dryness. 2,3 Previous studies have shown that exposure to ultraviolet radiation increases the generation of free radicals. These highly reactive intermediate compounds were shown to increase the production of inflammatory mediators like interleukins and cytokines, which in turn, cause erythema and inflammation of the skin.…”

“…These highly reactive intermediate compounds were shown to increase the production of inflammatory mediators like interleukins and cytokines, which in turn, cause erythema and inflammation of the skin. 3 Exposure to ultraviolet light was also shown to increase the production of melanin which results in hyperpigmentation of the skin. 2 Increased water loss and dryness of the skin were shown to contribute to photoaging.…”

Solamargine Alleviated UVB-Induced Inflammation and Melanogenesis in Human Keratinocytes and Melanocytes via the p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway, a Promising Agent for Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation

“…Solamargine (SM), a steroidal alkaloid glycoside extracted from Solanum undatum , has been proven to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor effects. Studies have shown that SM can exert anti-tumor effects ( Figure 1A ) by up-regulating the expression of TNF-α1 and TNF-α2 and activating caspase-3 to cause tumor cells apoptosis ( 12 , 13 ); it can exert potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB/p65 pathway and inhibiting the expression of COX-2 ( 14 , 15 ). In addition, SM can exert some antioxidant effects by reducing ROS release and down-regulating the activity of i-NOS ( 16 ).…”

Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Melaleuca leucadendron L. Leaves

“…Reactive oxygen species increase pigmentation and cause oxidative stressinduced damage to the melanocytes 3 . Hyperpigmentation disorders are diseases in which patches of skin are darker than the normal surrounding skin, resulting from the upregulated activity of melanin synthesis, increased numbers of melanocytes, and decreased decomposition of melanosomes 4 . Hyperpigmentation conditions can also be caused by certain drugs, hormonal changes, or autoimmune conditions 5 .…”