Implications of gamma band activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus

García‐Rill, Edgar; Luster, Brennon; D’Onofrio, Stasia; Mahaffey, Susan; Bisagno, Verónica; Urbano, Francisco J.

doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1485-2

Cited by 37 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(104 reference statements)

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“…We found that these channels were distributed along the dendrites of PPN neurons, and that some cells exhibited both N‐ and P/Q‐type calcium channels, some had only N‐type channels, and some had only P/Q‐type channels . We suggested that these three cell types represented neurons that were active in relation to waking and REM sleep (N+P/Q cells = “Wake‐REM on” cells), only during REM sleep (N‐ only = “REM on” cells), or only during waking (P/Q only = “Wake on” cells), respectively …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Bottom‐up gamma and bipolar disorder, clinical and neuroepigenetic implications

et al. 2018

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Objectives This limited review examines the role of the reticular activating system ( RAS ), especially the pedunculopontine nucleus ( PPN ), one site of origin of bottom‐up gamma, in the symptoms of bipolar disorder ( BD ). Methods The expression of neuronal calcium sensor protein 1 ( NCS ‐1) in the brains of BD patients is increased. It has recently been found that all PPN neurons manifest intrinsic membrane beta/gamma frequency oscillations mediated by high threshold calcium channels, suggesting that it is one source of bottom‐up gamma. This review specifically addresses the involvement of these channels in the manifestation of BD . Results Excess NCS ‐1 was found to dampen gamma band oscillations in PPN neurons. Lithium, a first line treatment for BD , was found to decrease the effects of NCS ‐1 on gamma band oscillations in PPN neurons. Moreover, gamma band oscillations appear to epigenetically modulate gene transcription in PPN neurons, providing a new direction for research in BD . Conclusions This is an area needing much additional research, especially since the dysregulation of calcium channels may help explain many of the disorders of arousal in, elicit unwanted neuroepigenetic modulation in, and point to novel therapeutic avenues for, BD .

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Bottom‐up gamma and bipolar disorder, clinical and neuroepigenetic implications

et al. 2018

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“…That is, the two calcium channel subtypes are modulated by different intracellular pathways, N-type by the cAMP/PK pathway, and P/Q-type via the CaMKII pathway. The implications from all of these results are that, a) there is a “waking” pathway mediated by CaMKII and P/Q-type channels and a “REM sleep” pathway mediated by cAMP/PK and N-type channels, and b) different PPN cells fire during waking (those with N+P/Q and only P/Q-type) vs REM sleep (those with N+P/Q and only N-type) [37, 38, 49, 50]. …”

Section: The Control Of Arousalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arousal and drug abuse

Urbano

Bisagno

García‐Rill

2017

Behavioural Brain Research

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The reticular activating system (RAS) is not an amorphous region but distinct nuclei with specific membrane properties that dictate their firing during waking and sleep. The locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus fire during waking and slow wave sleep, with the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) firing during both waking and REM sleep, the states manifesting arousal-related EEG activity. Two important discoveries in the PPN in the last 10 years are, 1) that some PPN cells are electrically coupled, and 2) every PPN cell manifests high threshold calcium channels that allow them to oscillate at beta/gamma band frequencies. The role of arousal in drug abuse is considered here in terms of the effects of drugs of abuse on these two mechanisms. Drug abuse and the perception of withdrawal/relapse are mediated by neurobiological processes that occur only when we are awake, not when we are asleep. These relationships focus on the potential role of arousal, more specifically of RAS electrical coupling and gamma band activity, in the addictive process as well as the relapse to drug use.

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“…They increase their firing during waking and REM sleep but not during slow wave sleep (SWS), during which time the rate of firing can even decrease [8,62,[75][76][77][78][79][80][81]. In contrast, different patterns of discharge characterize the cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons.…”

Section: The Pptg As a Part Of The Reticular Activating System (Ras)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Participation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in arousal-demanding functions

Vitale¹,

Capozzo²,

Mazzone³

et al. 2017

Transl Brain Rhythmicity

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The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is part of the locomotor mesencephalic region and the reticular activating system (RAS). As such, it is involved in regulating some aspects of the motor control and the wake/sleep cycle, but the way in which it operates is unclear. PPTg neurons respond to a variety of sensory stimuli and to cues that trigger the execution of goal-directed motor acts. In this paper, we discuss data that suggest that in addition to operating via thalamic nuclei, the PPTg may also operate by activating cerebellar nuclei, especially the dentate nucleus. In such a way, an intense and diffuse activation of the cerebral cortex may be achieved. In arousal-demanding reward-related tasks, separate populations of PPTg neurons modulate their discharge pattern to encode, in particular, expectancy and magnitude of reward. These neuronal responses, which should reach thalamic, basal ganglia, and cerebellar nuclei through ascending PPTg fibers are essential for the formation of stimuli-reward associations and action selection. In parallel, PPTg neurons, via descending fibers directed to lower brainstem and spinal motor structures, may automatically influence motor mechanisms and muscle tone in order to cause movements that are executed in a smooth and timely manner. In patients affected by Parkinson's disease, PPTg deep brain stimulation may increase arousal, thus making patients more attentive to behavioral stimuli that trigger motor act, while simultaneously facilitating movement.

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Implications of gamma band activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus

Cited by 37 publications

References 79 publications

Bottom‐up gamma and bipolar disorder, clinical and neuroepigenetic implications

Bottom‐up gamma and bipolar disorder, clinical and neuroepigenetic implications

Arousal and drug abuse

Participation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in arousal-demanding functions

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