Implications of COVID-19 in high burden countries for HIV/TB: A systematic review of evidence

Tamuzi, Jacques L.; Birhanu, Ayele T; Shumba, Constance; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O; Uwimana-Nico, Jeannine; Haile, Zelalem T.; Inugu, Joseph; Nyasulu, Peter

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-35019/v2

Cited by 14 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Establishing this baseline before the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have been fully realised is also crucial, because these effects might bear on the recalibration of future targets. 4,5 Measurable targets relating to incidence and deaths have been proposed to assess progress in HIV, but they have not been synthesised to provide a comprehensive assessment of HIV burden. The original 90-90-90 targets were proposed in 2014, 6 and set out that by 2020, 90% of people living with HIV will know their HIV status, 90% of those who are aware of their HIV-positive status will have initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 90% of those on treatment will be virally suppressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Jahagirdar¹,

Walters²,

Novotney³

et al. 2021

The Lancet HIV

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Background The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic.Methods To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0•03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1•0). FindingsIn 2019, there were 36•8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35•1-38•9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0•84 males (95% UI 0•78-0•91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0•99 male infections (0•91-1•10) for every female infection, and 1•02 male deaths (0•95-1•10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28•52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19•58-35•43, and a 39•66% decrease in deaths, 36•49-42•36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0•05 (95% UI 0•05-0•06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was 1•94 (1•76-2•12). No regions met suggested thresholds for progress.Interpretation Sub-Saharan Africa had both the highest HIV burden and the greatest progress between 1990 and 2019. The number of incident cases and deaths in males and females approached parity in 2019, although there remained more females with HIV than males with HIV. Globally, the HIV epidemic is far from the UNAIDS benchmarks on progress metrics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Jahagirdar¹,

Walters²,

Novotney³

et al. 2021

The Lancet HIV

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“…33,36,37 According to a recent meta-analysis, the presence of underlying TB infection was identified as a risk factor for COVID-19 infection, increasing its severity and mortality rates, and decreasing disease recovery. 38 In contrast, another meta-analysis showed that patients with present TB were not more vulnerable to get infected with COVID-19 or to higher mortality rates; however, the same study acknowledged that there was a 2.1-fold increase in the risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19 disease, with no statistical significance. 39 It should be mentioned that the latter study included a small number of TB patients with COVID-19 co-infection and the risk of bias was not assessed in a rigorous way.…”

Section: Impact Of Covid-19 On Tb Patientsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The potential impact of COVID-19 infection on tuberculosis: a literature review

Akhtar¹,

Alotaibi

Althubeti

et al. 2021

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Tuberculosis is among the oldest endemic conditions affecting humans; however, it remains a significant health issue around the globe. As with previous outbreaks/epidemics, the COVID-19 impact on TB control efforts and outcomes should raise concerns; however, the extent of this impact is currently unknown. In the current study, we aim to review the literature to provide an overview of the available evidence discussing the impact of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) on TB infections. On one hand, many of the existing reports showed that having TB infection may contribute to developing severe forms of acute respiratory syndrome in patients co-infected with COVID-19, and the presence of underlying TB infection was identified as a risk factor for COVID-19 infection. However, other reports showed that patients with present TB were not more vulnerable to get infected with COVID-19 or to higher mortality rates. In the same context, COVID-19 may have an impact on the late reactivation of TB, which could be mediated through its effects on the immune system functionality and subsequent development of active TB. Moreover, TB preventive treatment programs, awareness campaigns, and anti-TB funding were also affected by COVID-19. Accordingly, the global strategy to end the TB by 2035 may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Hospital admission for TB patients should be restricted to severe cases, to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 in those cases. Due to scarce evidence, more studies are needed to guide management plans in this particular context.

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“…As of now, there have not been any official diagnostic recommendations for identifying TB in patients infected with COVID-19. However, a meta-analysis study recommended dual testing with COVID-19 real-time RT-PCR and Xpert MTB/RIF assay 84 . We would recommend testing patients synergistically for Latent TB infection and COVID-19 in endemic regions.…”

Section: Implications and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latent tuberculosis and COVID-19 disease

Sekaran¹,

Jagani²,

Waleed³

et al. 2021

Discover. Rep.

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Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, there has been chaos in the world. With the COVID-19 cases rising, many other medical diseases have been ignored and not prioritized. One of these crucial diseases is Tuberculosis (TB). TB is a highly infectious bacterial respiratory disease. Every year there are millions of cases that are registered all around the world. TB is seen in two forms, an active and a latent form. In both of the states, the individual with TB is immunocompromised. This is of great importance, as COVID-19 is known to readily infect individuals in an immunocompromised state more than those with a healthy immune system. Although a little investigation about coexisting infections with COVID-19 and TB is conducted, it is important to consider many factors that can be beneficial to help treat these patients with both conditions effectively and promptly. A few of these factors are pathophysiological relation, diagnostic measurements, effects of each condition on the other, and approaches to treatment. Through a literature review of available information, we summarized the knowledge regarding the correlation between Latent TB infection and COVID-19 infection. The main objective of this publication is to provide a brief overview of how the two conditions overlap with one another. The article also provides a clinical review of how to approach these two conditions in a scenario where an individual is found to be infected with both Latent TB and COVID-19.

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Implications of COVID-19 in high burden countries for HIV/TB: A systematic review of evidence

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

The potential impact of COVID-19 infection on tuberculosis: a literature review

Latent tuberculosis and COVID-19 disease

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