Implication of high risk Human papillomavirus HR-HPV infection in prostate cancer in Indian population- A pioneering case-control analysis

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer with sexual history as a consistent risk factor. This is the pioneering study that evaluates the frequency of HPV infection in prostate cancer in India. Ninety five (95) histopathologically confirmed cancer and fifty five (55) BPH from Indian population were analyzed for HPV infection using a pair of consensus sequence primer followed by type specific PCRs for both high-risk and low-risk HPV types. The data demonstrate HPV infection in 41% of prostate tumor biopsies and 20% in BPH. Subsequent PCR- based HPV typing using type - specific primers revealed 32% were infected with HPV type 16 whereas 6% were found to be positive for HPV type 18, while in BPH controls only 5% of the BPH controls were infected with HPV 16 and this difference was highly significant (p = 0.0004). Significant proportion of HPV infected (74%) cases belonged to stage III and IV (p < 0.001) with a high Gleason score ≥8 (p = 0.003). The study represents for the first time the incidence of HPV infection in prostate cancer in Indian population and strengthens the hypothesis that HPV infection could be one of the co factor associated with progression of prostate cancer.

Latest Evidence on the Impact of Smoking, Sports, and Sexual Activity as Modifiable Lifestyle Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer Incidence, Recurrence, and Progression: A Systematic Review of the Literature by the European Association of Urology Section of Oncological Urology (ESOU)

“…Two cohort studies have suggested that Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections increase the risk of PCa [95,96]. In one study, HPV detection was more frequent in PCa specimens compared with specimens retrieved from nonmalignant tissue, which was not confirmed by other authors [97,98].…”

Association between human papillomavirus and prostate cancer: A meta-analysis

“…These studies were published between 1990 and 2015 and comprised 971 PCa cases in total. The majority of the studies originated from Asia (n=8) (38,40,(43)(44)(45)48,51,56), Europe (n=7) (22,39,42,47,50,53,55) and North America (n=5) (23,49,52,54,57), and the remaining studies originated from South America (n=1) (46) and Oceania (n=2) (6,41 Table I. Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.…”

Is a Retrovirus (XMRV) Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer in Indian Population

“…This is in concordance with previous study from Pakistan where it was shown the presence of XMRV in almost 8% in 50 PCa biopsies but in contrast no BPH samples were shown to be positive with XMRV infection in their population (Baig et al, 2014). However, there are several other reports shown to have high prevalence of XMRV in prostate cancer patients in different populations (Arnold et al, 2010;Schlaberg et al, 2009;Urisman et al, 2006). In contrast, few studies from different geographical regions have also reported almost no XMRV infection in PCa (Gomes et al, 2014;Sakuma et al, 2011).…”

“…The first report on XMRV infection in 2006 includes 86 patients with PCa in which 10% (9/86) patients were found positive (Urisman et al, 2006). The maximum prevalence of XMRV reported was 27% in PCa patients by using high sensitive PCR methods, FISH and IHC technique (Arnold et al, 2010;Schlaberg et al, 2009).…”

“…However, XMRV related xenotropic-MLV (X-MLV) is known to infect other species including cats, mice, and nonhuman primates causing leukemias, lymphomas, neurological diseases and immunodeficiencies in these species suggesting a plausible role for XMRV in PCa (Rezaei et al, 2013;Schlaberg et al, 2009). The detection of XMRV in human bio specimens is controversial being associated with two major human diseases, PCa (Qiu et al, 2010;Urisman et al, 2006) and chronic fatigue syndrome (Lombardi et al, 2009;Mikovits et al, 2010).…”