Implication of Endothelin-2 and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Essential Hypertension

Dhawan, Veena; Sharma, Indu; Mahajan, Nitin; Sangwan, Sonal; Jain, Sanjay

doi:10.4172/2167-1095.1000170

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…All these events starting from disturbance to physiological, endocrine, multiorgan-metabolic to homeostatic mechanisms lead to a state of stress. This initiates a new series of reaction cascade involving oxidative, inflammatory and genomic and proteomic reactions giving origin to particular biomarkers of stress (Dhawan et al, 2014; Alicka and Marycz, 2018; Böbel et al, 2018; Fioranelli et al, 2018; Gómez-Serrano et al, 2018; Ho et al, 2018; Messina et al, 2018; van der Reest et al, 2018; Whongsiri et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers in Stress Related Diseases/Disorders: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Values

Dhama

Latheef

Dadar

et al. 2019

Front. Mol. Biosci.

211

172

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Various internal and external factors negatively affect the homeostatic equilibrium of organisms at the molecular to the whole-body level, inducing the so-called state of stress. Stress affects an organism's welfare status and induces energy-consuming mechanisms to combat the subsequent ill effects; thus, the individual may be immunocompromised, making them vulnerable to pathogens. The information presented here has been extensively reviewed, compiled, and analyzed from authenticated published resources available on Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, and other scientific databases. Stress levels can be monitored by the quantitative and qualitative measurement of biomarkers. Potential markers of stress include thermal stress markers, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), innate immune markers, such as Acute Phase Proteins (APPs), oxidative stress markers, and chemical secretions in the saliva and urine. In addition, stress biomarkers also play critical roles in the prognosis of stress-related diseases and disorders, and therapy guidance. Moreover, different components have been identified as potent mediators of cardiovascular, central nervous system, hepatic, and nephrological disorders, which can also be employed to evaluate these conditions precisely, but with stringent validation and specificity. Considerable scientific advances have been made in the detection, quantitation, and application of these biomarkers. The present review describes the current progress of identifying biomarkers, their prognostic, and therapeutic values.

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