Implication for second primary cancer from visible oral and oropharyngeal premalignant lesions in betel‐nut chewing related oral cancer

Abstract

The predictive value and practicality of visible oral and oropharyngeal premalignant lesions make it a potentially valuable marker in follow-ups of patients with a positive betel-nut chewing habit with oral cancer, especially young patients with heterogeneous leukoplakia.

Factors associated with the development of second primary tumours in head and neck cancer patients

“…Ten studies found that age at diagnosis of index tumour was associated with SPT, showing a higher probability with increasing age (eight of them) (Adjei Boakye et al, 2019 ; Chow et al, 2019 ; Hosokawa et al, 2018 ; León et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2020 ; Piersiala et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ). Conversely, Min et al (Min et al, 2019 ), Iwatsubo et al ( 2019 ) and Liu et al ( 2017 ) found an increased risk in the younger patients, and Ho et al (Ho et al, 2022 ) a reduced risk in patients older than 64 years.…”

“…From a total of 829 articles obtained after deleting duplicates, 703 were excluded based on title and abstract and 126 after reading the full text (Figure 1 ). Finally, 38 articles were included in this systematic review: 36 cohort studies (Adams et al, 2019 ; Adjei Boakye et al, 2019 ; Arie et al, 2021 ; Bertolini et al, 2021 ; Bosshart et al, 2021 ; Bugter et al, 2021 ; Bukovszky et al, 2022 ; Cadoni et al, 2017 ; Chow et al, 2019 ; Feng et al, 2017 ; Guo et al, 2021 ; Harada et al, 2017 ; Ho et al, 2022 ; Hosokawa et al, 2018 ; Inoue et al, 2021 ; Iwatsubo et al, 2019 ; León et al, 2020 ; Leoncini et al, 2018 ; Li et al, 2020 ; Lin et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2017 ; Martel et al, 2017 ; Milliet et al, 2021 ; Min et al, 2019 ; Nishimura et al, 2021 ; Overwater et al, 2022 ; Petersen et al, 2022 ; Piersiala et al, 2020 ; Sawaf et al, 2022 ; Stepan et al, 2022 ; Su et al, 2019 ; Su et al, 2020 ; Tseng et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ) and 2 case‐control studies (Ni et al, 2018 ; Watanabe et al, 2017 ).…”

“…Table 1 shows the main characteristics of the included studies. The study population was always defined as patients diagnosed with a primary cancer in the head and neck region, with the following locations for the index tumour: three studies on the oral cavity (Lin et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2017 ; Min et al, 2019 ), two in the nasopharynx (Chow et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ), two in the larynx (Adams et al, 2019 ; Piersiala et al, 2020 ), one in the hypopharynx (Ni et al, 2018 ), one in the oropharynx (Martel et al, 2017 ), one in the lip (Tseng et al, 2017 ), and the rest of them evaluated a combination of the above or different locations within the head and neck region. The most frequent SPT sites analysed were oesophagus ( n = 22) and lung ( n = 19).…”

“…The most frequent SPT sites analysed were oesophagus ( n = 22) and lung ( n = 19). Four studies did not report the SPT location (Adjei Boakye et al, 2019 ; Cadoni et al, 2017 ; Liu et al, 2017 ; Tseng et al, 2017 ). Age and sex were variables evaluated in all studies, except in Harada et al ( 2017 ), Sawaf et al ( 2022 ), Stepan et al ( 2022 ) and Bukovsky et al ( 2022 ) (the last one evaluated sex but not age).…”

“…The three studies that evaluated the presence of a premalignant oral lesion at the time of diagnosis of the index tumour found it to be a risk factor with OR that ranged between 2.62 (95% CI: 1.82–3.77) and 14.63 (95% CI: 12.05–17.21) (Feng et al, 2017 ; Lin et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2017 ). Moreover, Liu et al indicated that the heterogeneous leukoplakia increased the risk compared to homogeneous leukoplakia (OR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.17–4.00) (Liu et al, 2017 ).…”