Implicating Cryptic and Novel Anophelines as Malaria Vectors in Africa

Stevenson, Jennifer; Norris, Douglas E.

doi:10.3390/insects8010001

Cited by 38 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 135 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…Also, the methodology by Snounou et al [27] was followed, and sequencing was carried out in order to confirm the amplified products; in spite of the high numbers, the detected infection rates in the present study are reliable. An important comment on the detected infection rates, is that whole mosquitoes were used to perform parasite detection, and for the incrimination of malaria vectors it is advisable to use only head and thorax, to demonstrate the species ability to be infectious [43, 44]. In this way, it cannot be assumed that infected mosquitoes could subsequently transmit malaria parasites and act as vectors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomological characterization of malaria in northern Colombia through vector and parasite species identification, and analyses of spatial distribution and infection rates

González

Molina

León

et al. 2017

Malar J

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BackgroundMalaria remains a worldwide public health concern and, in Colombia, despite the efforts to stop malaria transmission, the incidence of cases has increased over the last few years. In this context, it is necessary to evaluate vector diversity, infection rates, and spatial distribution, to better understand disease transmission dynamics. This information may contribute to the planning and development of vector control strategies.ResultsA total of 778 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected in fifteen localities of Córdoba from August 2015 to October 2016. Six species were identified and overall, Anopheles albimanus was the most widespread and abundant species (83%). Other species of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus were collected, including Anopheles triannulatus (13%), Anopheles nuneztovari (1%), Anopheles argyritarsis (< 1%) and two species belonging to the Anopheles subgenus: Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (3%) and Anopheles neomaculipalpus (< 1%). Four species were found naturally infected with two Plasmodium species: Anopheles nuneztovari was detected naturally infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis with Plasmodium vivax, whereas An. albimanus and An. triannulatus were found infected with both parasite species and confirmed by nested PCR.ConclusionsIn general, the obtained results were contrasting with previous studies in terms of the most abundant and widespread collected species, and regarding infection rates, which were higher than those previously reported. A positive relationship between mosquito local abundance at the locality level and human infection at the municipality level was found. Mosquito local abundance and the number of houses with mosquitoes in each village are factors explaining malaria human cases in these villages. The obtained results suggest that other factors related to the apparent variation in malaria eco-epidemiology in northern Colombia, must be identified, to provide health authorities with better decision tools aiming to design control and prevention strategies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2076-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomological characterization of malaria in northern Colombia through vector and parasite species identification, and analyses of spatial distribution and infection rates

González

Molina

León

et al. 2017

Malar J

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“…As in eastern Zambia [12] and western Kenya [11], we uncovered an unexpected diversity of potential vector species, but with a surprising scarcity of primary vectors (< 2%) amongst 995 sequenced anopheline larvae. Bias for speci c feeding or resting behaviours was avoided by larval sampling and so potentially better represents the whole anopheline community within 1.5 km of villages than adult trapping; although this sampling does not directly demonstrate exposure of the human population to the potential vector species encountered [7], persistent malaria prevalence in the region [15] indicates the presence of substantial numbers of vectors. Given the known diversity of the Anopheles genus, with over 140 species in sub-Saharan Africa [5], and the abundance of non-human blood sources across Barotseland (especially livestock [17]), it is expected that non-vector anophelines will be represented in larval sampling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…coustani group in this study, An. tenebrosus is assumed not to be a competent vector, due to its low parity and long gonotrophic cycle; it has not been detected with malaria parasites [7,58], and records of presence in Zambia are historical [44]. These traits are also associated with An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accurate assignment of species -and thus bionomic traits -to specimens allows intervention strategies to target vulnerable behaviours. Subsequent characterisation of the spatio-temporal distribution of vector communities can not only facilitate the targeting of interventions, but also monitoring of species' responses [7]. It is crucial that survey campaigns aiming to describe the entire vector community recognise inherent biases in surveillance approaches so that both endophagic and exophagic populations are sampled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geographically extensive larval surveys reveal an unexpected scarcity of primary vector mosquitoes in a region of persistent malaria transmission in western Zambia

Cross¹,

Thomas

McKeown³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The Barotse floodplains of the upper Zambezi River and its tributaries are a highly dynamic environment, with seasonal flooding and transhumance presenting a shifting mosaic of potential larval habitat and human and livestock bloodmeals for malaria vector mosquitoes. However, limited entomological surveillance has been undertaken to characterise the vector community in these floodplains and their environs. Such information is necessary as, despite substantial deployment of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) against Anopheles vectors, malaria transmission persists across Barotseland in Zambia’s Western Province.Methods: Geographically extensive larval surveys were undertaken in two health districts along 102 km of transects, at fine spatial resolution, during a dry season and following the peak of the successive wet season. Larvae were sampled within typical Anopheles flight range of human settlements and identified through genetic sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase I and internal transcribed spacer 2 regions of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. This facilitated detailed comparison of taxon-specific abundance patterns between ecological zones differentiated by hydrological controls.Results: An unexpected paucity of primary vectors was revealed, with An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus representing < 2% of 995 sequenced anophelines. Potential secondary vectors predominated in the vector community, primarily An. coustani group species and An. squamosus. Whilst the distribution of An. gambiae s.l. in the study area was highly clustered, secondary vector species were ubiquitous across the landscape in both dry and wet seasons, with some taxon-specific relationships between abundance and ecological zones by season.Conclusions: Larval survey results imply that residual transmission of malaria in Barotseland is being mediated predominantly by secondary vector species, whose known tendencies for crepuscular and outdoor biting renders them largely insensitive to prevalent vector control methods (ITNs and IRS). Alternative interventions may be required against this vector community to further reduce transmission. Larviciding is one potential supplementary intervention, although it presents a challenge in extensive wetlands such as those found in the Upper Zambezi catchment. However, the combination of advances in remote sensing of habitats, genetic identification of local vectors, and spatial modelling present a potential opportunity to optimise targeting of aerial spraying in these environments.

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“…In order to correctly assign spatio-temporal distributions, behaviors and responses to interventions to particular anopheline species, identification of mosquitoes must be accurately made (Stevenson and Norris, 2016). The correct identification and description of mosquitos' vectors are crucial to understand the transmission of mosquitoborne diseases and to design the appropriate control strategy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Identification, Species Composition and Distribution of Mosquitoes in Kosti region, White Nile State, Central Sudan

Nour

Aboud

Ali

2019

Malays. j. med. biol. res.

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Mosquitoes are a large diverse group of insects, with members being most important as vectors of diseases. The correct identification of mosquitoes is crucial to the control of the mosquito-borne diseases. This study was designed to provide baseline data on the species composition and distribution of members of the Anophelines and Culicines genera in ten selected localities in Kosti region, White Nile State, Central Sudan. Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to select collection sites. Adult mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray catch (PSC) from randomly selected houses in Allia, Alnsr, Alskahdeed, Almrabie, Alshati, Althwrat, Alraba, Block 26, Block 32 and Khadugli in Kosti region during September 2014-August 2015. The Anophelines and Culicines mosquitoes were identified using standard morphological keys. Two Anopheles species and three Culex species were morphologically identified. These were An. gambiae s.s.; An. pharoensis; Cx. quinquefasciatus; Cx. univittatus and Cx. pipiens. This is the first report of An. pharoensis in the study area. The Highest mosquito abundance was observed in the September followed by October, while the lowest mosquito abundance was in July. An. gambiae s.s and Cx. quinquefasciatus were the predominant species which has importance as they indicate the presence of Malaria and arboviral infections in the study areas; respectively. These findings are of importance in the planning and implementation of vector control strategy in the Kosti region, White Nile state. Indexed in Google Scholarhttps://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=enanduser=JH23W_8AAAAJ MJMBR Following the ICMJE Recommendations (list date 7/1/14) http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/ RoMEO: This is a RoMEO blue journal

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Implicating Cryptic and Novel Anophelines as Malaria Vectors in Africa

Cited by 38 publications

References 135 publications

Entomological characterization of malaria in northern Colombia through vector and parasite species identification, and analyses of spatial distribution and infection rates

Entomological characterization of malaria in northern Colombia through vector and parasite species identification, and analyses of spatial distribution and infection rates

Geographically extensive larval surveys reveal an unexpected scarcity of primary vector mosquitoes in a region of persistent malaria transmission in western Zambia

Morphological Identification, Species Composition and Distribution of Mosquitoes in Kosti region, White Nile State, Central Sudan

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