“…While virtually no differences in impacts to urban and rural areas may be seen statewide, certain rural counties may benefit from implementing the VMT fee (Matteson et al, 2016). Further, implementing a VMT fee could also reduce overall VMT/congestion and improve air quality in the study state or region (Al-Deek & Moradi, 2013;Boos & Moruza, 2008;Zhang & Lu, 2013). Implementing a VMT fee in a state or region could also affect the neighboring states or regions to varying degrees (Zhang & Lu, 2013), in particular along the state or region borders.…”