Implementation of the effects of physicochemical properties on the foliar penetration of pesticides and its potential for estimating pesticide volatilization from plants
“…Low values of the partition coefficient may have a harmful impact on the environment, as the herbicide together with pesticides can be easily washed out of plants and soil and can enter the groundwater. The low partition coefficient values may also cause difficulties in the penetration of the herbicide through the leaf membrane, which could make the substance useless . Synthesized ILs have lower octanol‐water partition coefficient than precursors – herbicidal acids.…”
This study presents a new group of herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) based on a cation occurs commonly in nature−acetylcholine. The HILs were obtained with a high yield through ion exchange between acetylcholine chloride and potassium or sodium salts of selected acids with herbicidal activity. The results of the herbicidal activity measurement against common oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) exceeded those of the commercial products. Spray solutions of the synthesized HILs revealed high surface activity and wetting properties which further manifested as higher herbicidal activity. The reduction of surface tension and low contact angles together with the specific action of acetylcholine allowed for better penetration of synthesized HILs into plant tissues. In addition, OECD 301F tests confirmed high mineralization of the HILs. The simple transformation of commercial herbicides into acetylcholine HILs proved to be a very effective method of increasing their activity, and constitutes an interesting solution to the problem of weed infestation with the use of a substance commonly found in nature.
“…Low values of the partition coefficient may have a harmful impact on the environment, as the herbicide together with pesticides can be easily washed out of plants and soil and can enter the groundwater. The low partition coefficient values may also cause difficulties in the penetration of the herbicide through the leaf membrane, which could make the substance useless . Synthesized ILs have lower octanol‐water partition coefficient than precursors – herbicidal acids.…”
This study presents a new group of herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) based on a cation occurs commonly in nature−acetylcholine. The HILs were obtained with a high yield through ion exchange between acetylcholine chloride and potassium or sodium salts of selected acids with herbicidal activity. The results of the herbicidal activity measurement against common oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) exceeded those of the commercial products. Spray solutions of the synthesized HILs revealed high surface activity and wetting properties which further manifested as higher herbicidal activity. The reduction of surface tension and low contact angles together with the specific action of acetylcholine allowed for better penetration of synthesized HILs into plant tissues. In addition, OECD 301F tests confirmed high mineralization of the HILs. The simple transformation of commercial herbicides into acetylcholine HILs proved to be a very effective method of increasing their activity, and constitutes an interesting solution to the problem of weed infestation with the use of a substance commonly found in nature.
“…1 agricultural fungicide in the global market as per the data provided by McDougall (Hou et al, ; McDougall, ; Rodrigues, Lopes, & Pardal, ). Systemic pesticide exerts its activity after penetration into the leaf tissue, assisted by adjuvants in the commercial products (Lichiheb, Personne, Bedos, Van den Berg, & Barriuso, ). The penetrating characteristics can be utilized to investigate the potential dietary risk assessment of azoxystrobin by studying the pre‐harvest residue limits (PHRL) (Hou et al, ; PMRA, ).…”
This study aimed at quantifying the residual amount of azoxystrobin in Swiss chard samples grown under greenhouse conditions at two different locations (Gwangju and Naju, Republic of Korea). Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, separated by salting out, and subjected to purification by using solid-phase extraction. The analyte was identified using liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. The linearity of the calibration range was excellent with coefficient of determination 1.00. Recovery at three different spiking levels (0.1, 0.5, and 4 mg/kg) ranged between 82.89 and 109.46% with relative standard deviation <3. The limit of quantification, 0.01 mg/kg, was considerably much lower than the maximum residue limit (50 mg/kg) set by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The developed methodology was successfully used for field-treated leaves, which were collected randomly at 0-14 days following azoxystrobin application. The rate of disappearance in/on Swiss chard was ascribed to first-order kinetics with a half-life of 8 and 5 days, in leaves grown in Gwangju and Naju greenhouses, respectively. Risk assessments revealed that the acceptable daily intake percentage is substantially below the risk level of consumption at day 0 (in both areas), thus encouraging its safe consumption.
“…Whilst much work has been done to measure downwind deposition of spray droplets, there is a lack of consistent methodology for quantifying airborne pesticide concentrations at a range of scales (Zivan et al 2016; Lichiheb et al 2016). Mathematical models are useful in complementing expensive and time-consuming field trials by including the complex processes that mediate the transfer of pesticides between different environmental compartments (Salcedo et al 2017).…”
This study investigated changes over 25 years (1987–2012) in pesticide usage in orchards in England and Wales and associated changes to exposure and risk for resident pregnant women living 100 and 1000 m downwind of treated areas. A model was developed to estimate aggregated daily exposure to pesticides via inhaled vapour and indirect dermal contact with contaminated ground, whilst risk was expressed as a hazard quotient (HQ) based on estimated exposure and the no observed (adverse) effect level for reproductive and developmental effects. Results show the largest changes occurred between 1987 and 1996 with total pesticide usage reduced by ca. 25%, exposure per unit of pesticide applied slightly increased, and a reduction in risk per unit exposure by factors of 1.3 to 3. Thereafter, there were no consistent changes in use between 1996 and 2012, with an increase in number of applications to each crop balanced by a decrease in average application rate. Exposure per unit of pesticide applied decreased consistently over this period such that values in 2012 for this metric were 48–65% of those in 1987, and there were further smaller decreases in risk per unit exposure. All aggregated hazard quotients were two to three orders of magnitude smaller than one, despite the inherent simplifications of assuming co-occurrence of exposure to all pesticides and additivity of effects. Hazard quotients at 1000 m were 5 to 16 times smaller than those at 100 m. There were clear signals of the impact of regulatory intervention in improving the fate and hazard profiles of pesticides used in orchards in England and Wales over the period investigated.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11356-017-0064-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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