“…The Kalman filter is not applicable to these problems and, in general, closed-form solutions are not possible. A number of approximate filtering algorithms such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF) (12)(13)(14)22,26), unscented Kalman filter (UKF) (27,28), Gaussian sum filter (29), particle filter (18,22,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34), quadrature filter, quasi-Monte Carlo, grid-based filter, cubature Kalman filter (35,36), and particle flow filter (PFF) (37,38) have been proposed.…”