Implementation of Smart Contracts Using Hybrid Architectures with On and Off–Blockchain Components

Molina-Jiménez, Carlos; Sfyrakis, Ioannis; Solaiman, Ellis; Ng, Irene C. L.; Wong, Meng Weng; Chun, Alexis; Crowcroft, Jon

doi:10.1109/sc2.2018.00018

Cited by 42 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The aim of the SLA-based broker system is to receive the generated machine-readable SLA (SLA offers and SLA requests), and find the best candidate that matches user requirements as a step for automating service provider selection. We are also in the initial stages of investigating the development of an IoT monitoring platform that makes use of novel Blockchain and Smart Contract technology [26] [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

End-to-End Service Level Agreement Specification for IoT Applications

Alqahtani

Patel

et al. 2018

2018 International Conference on High Performance Computing &Amp; Simulation (HPCS)

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The Internet of Things (IoT) promises to help solve a wide range of issues that relate to our wellbeing within application domains that include smart cities, healthcare monitoring, and environmental monitoring. IoT is bringing new wireless sensor use cases by taking advantage of the computing power and flexibility provided by Edge and Cloud Computing. However, the software and hardware resources used within such applications must perform correctly and optimally. Especially in applications where a failure of resources can be critical. Service Level Agreements (SLA) where the performance requirements of such applications are defined, need to be specified in a standard way that reflects the end-to-end nature of IoT application domains, accounting for the Quality of Service (QoS) metrics within every layer including the Edge, Network Gateways, and Cloud. In this paper, we propose a conceptual model that captures the key entities of an SLA and their relationships, as a prior step for end-to-end SLA specification and composition. Service level objective (SLO) terms are also considered to express the QoS constraints. Moreover, we propose a new SLA grammar which considers workflow activities and the multi-layered nature of IoT applications. Accordingly, we develop a tool for SLA specification and composition that can be used as a template to generate SLAs in a machine-readable format. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed specification language through a literature survey that includes an SLA language comparison analysis, and via reflecting the user satisfaction results of a usability study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

End-to-End Service Level Agreement Specification for IoT Applications

Alqahtani

Patel

et al. 2018

2018 International Conference on High Performance Computing &Amp; Simulation (HPCS)

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“…As illustrated in Figure 5a, the use of a hybrid architecture solution by combining centralized databases or other data storage systems with blockchain is proposed in many studies [85], [91], [109], [110]. Although some applications focus on designing light-weight data structure to reduce the on-chain data amount [51], [86], the mixture and links of blockchain with other storage systems, such as IPFS, provides a more scalable and sustainable way to deal with the exponential increase of data that most modern storage solutions are facing.…”

Section: Challenges and Potential Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain Technology in Current Agricultural Systems: From Techniques to Applications

et al. 2020

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Increasingly, blockchain technology is attracting significant attentions in various agricultural applications. These applications could satisfy the diverse needs in the ecosystem of agricultural products, e.g., increasing transparency of food safety and IoT based food quality control, provenance traceability, improvement of contract exchanges, and transactions efficiency. As multiple untrusted parties, including small-scale farmers, food processors, logistic companies, distributors and retailers, are involved into the complex farm-to-fork pipeline, it becomes vital to achieve optimal trade-off between efficiency and integrity of the agricultural management systems as required in contexts. In this paper, we provide a survey to study both techniques and applications of blockchain technology used in the agricultural sector. First, the technical elements, including data structure, cryptographic methods, and consensus mechanisms are explained in detail. Secondly, the existing agricultural blockchain applications are categorized and reviewed to demonstrate the use of the blockchain techniques. In addition, the popular platforms and smart contract are provided to show how practitioners use them to develop these agricultural applications. Thirdly, we identify the key challenges in many prospective agricultural systems, and discuss the efforts and potential solutions to tackle these problems. Further, we conduct an improved food supply chain in the post COVID-19 pandemic economy as an illustration to demonstrate an effective use of blockchain technology. INDEX TERMS Blockchain technology, agricultural applications, food supply chains management, data integrity, traceability.

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“…In [10], smart contracts are implemented using hybrid architectures similar to the hybrid-on/off-chain execution model proposed in our work. However, the proposed hybrid architectures in [10] rely on a Trusted Third Party (TTP) as an oracle and thus the architectures are not completely decentralized. In [5], a smart contract system named Arbitrum is developed, where smart contracts are designed to be executed off-chain.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable and Privacy-Preserving Design of On/Off-Chain Smart Contracts

Palanisamy

2019

2019 IEEE 35th International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW)

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The rise of smart contract systems such as Ethereum has resulted in a proliferation of blockchain-based decentralized applications including applications that store and manage a wide range of data. Current smart contracts are designed to be executed solely by miners and are revealed entirely on-chain, resulting in reduced scalability and privacy. In this paper, we discuss that scalability and privacy of smart contracts can be enhanced by splitting a given contract into an off-chain contract and an on-chain contract. Specifically, functions of the contract that involve high-cost computation or sensitive information can be split and included as the off-chain contract, that is signed and executed by only the interested participants. The proposed approach allows the participants to reach unanimous agreement off-chain when all of them are honest, allowing computing resources of miners to be saved and content of the off-chain contract to be hidden from the public. In case of a dispute caused by any dishonest participants, a signed copy of the offchain contract can be revealed so that a verified instance can be created to make miners enforce the true execution result. Thus, honest participants have the ability to redress and penalize any fraudulent or dishonest behavior, which incentivizes all participants to honestly follow the agreed off-chain contract. We discuss techniques for splitting a contract into a pair of on/off-chain contracts and propose a mechanism to address the challenges of handling dishonest participants in the system. Our implementation and evaluation of the proposed approach using an example smart contract demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in Ethereum.

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Implementation of Smart Contracts Using Hybrid Architectures with On and Off–Blockchain Components

Cited by 42 publications

References 30 publications

End-to-End Service Level Agreement Specification for IoT Applications

End-to-End Service Level Agreement Specification for IoT Applications

Blockchain Technology in Current Agricultural Systems: From Techniques to Applications

Scalable and Privacy-Preserving Design of On/Off-Chain Smart Contracts

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