Implementation of Optimal Protection Coordination for Microgrids with Distributed Generations Using Quaternary Protection Scheme

Abstract

The flexible operation of microgrids, along with the availability of distributed generation (DG) units, causes a variety of changes in short-circuit current levels, magnitudes, and directions, which has undesirable effects on the operation of protection systems. Conventional protection schemes use typical directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) with limited operating capability, unable to respond to microgrid operations in the manner of short-circuit current changes. In this paper, a quaternary protection scheme implemented with dual-directional overcurrent relays (dual-DOCR) and a protection control strategy is developed for protecting against faults in microgrids, taking into account the existence of DGs and connection and disconnection of DG units. The optimal dual-DOCRs setting and coordination are formulated as an optimization problem solved by evolutionary programming to minimize the relay operating times. The proposed protection scheme is implemented with a centralized protection control system based on the smart grid concept to increase the adaptability of the dual-DOCRs, which have multiple relay setting groups in accordance with system state changes. The simulation case studies are performed using the IEEE 14-bus test system, which is modified as a meshed microgrid operation. Test scenarios, including possible operations of microgrids, DGs availabilities, and different fault events, are analyzed and discussed. The comparative studies and simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides efficient coordination between the primary and backup relays and increases the responsibility of the protection system, which can be observed from the significant reduction in the relay operating times, resulting in the enhancement of selectivity, sensitivity, and speed of microgrid protection systems.

Improving Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination in Distribution Networks for Optimal Operation Using Hybrid Genetic Algorithm with Sequential Quadratic Programming

“…For instance, ref. [20] proposed a quaternary protection scheme for microgrids, incorporating dual-directional overcurrent relays (dual-DOCRs) and a protection control strategy. In [21], a genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the limits of the maximum plug-setting multiplier (PSM) for OCR coordination, considering the upper limit of PSM as a variable.…”

Microgrid Protection through Adaptive Overcurrent Relay Coordination

“…The DGs are located on buses 6 and 8. Protective relays are placed on all lines and typically follow the IEC standard [24]. CTI is a certain time interval that must be maintained between the primary and backup protective relays to ensure correct sequential operation.…”

“…Protective relays are placed on all lines and follow the IEC inverse-type standard; the characteristics of an overcurrent relay depend on the type of standard selected for the relay operation. The relay will calculate the operating time based on the chosen standard characteristic curves and the defined parameters as seen in Equation (15), where α, β and L determine the slope of the relay characteristics, as presented in Table 5 [24]. The CTI is assumed to be 0.2 s for each primary/backup relay pair, and the TDS ranges from 0.05 to 1.…”

The Power System and Microgrid Protection—A Review

“…The interior-point method has been used for the optimization problem and solving the protection coordination problem. Reference [50] suggested a novel quaternary protection scheme with dual-DOC relays to protect microgrids. This scheme uses a centralized protection control strategy that can re-adjust the optimal relay setting automatically with computational intelligence optimization.…”