Implementation of an Interactive Environment With Multilevel Wireless Links for Distributed Botanical Garden in University Campus

Abstract

In this contribution, an end to end system to enable user interaction with a distributed botanical university campus garden is designed, implemented and tested. The proposed system employs different wireless links to collect data related to different bio physiological parameters of both the vegetation mass and the surrounding environment. Detailed analysis of these multilevel communication links is performed by using deterministic volumetric wireless channel estimation and considering underground, near ground and over ground radio propagation conditions. An in-house developed technique enables accurate wireless channel characterization for complete campus scenario considering the multiple link types and all its composing elements. Node definition and network topology is thus obtained by wireless channel analysis of over ground, near ground and underground communication for both 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz Wireless Sensor Networks in an inhomogeneous vegetation environment. Connectivity to enable user interaction as well as for telemetry and tele-control purposes within the campus is achieved by combining ZigBee and LoRaWAN transceivers with the corresponding sensor/actuator platforms. Coverage studies have been performed in order to assess communication capabilities in the set of multiple underground/near ground/over ground links, by means of deterministic channel analysis for the complete university campus location. Measurement results in lab environment as well as full system deployment are presented, showing good agreement with deterministic simulations. Moreover, system level tests have been performed over a physical campus cloud, providing adequate quality of experience metrics. The proposed solution is a scalable system that provides real time trees status monitoring by a cloud-based platform, enabling user interaction within a distributed botanical garden environment in the university campus.

Investigation of Error Probability for Grid and Random Uniform Topologies in a Variable Noise Environment

“…is is consistent with equations ( 6) and (11). Figures 17 and 18 show the WSN nodes and communication path followed for both grid and random uniform topologies as a function of RSSI plotted at −60 dBm noise and −10 dBm output power (P Output ).…”

“…From equation (11), it is evident that when P RSSI ≫ P Noise ⟶ P error approaches 0, and when P RSSI ≪ P Noise ⟶ P error approaches 0.5. When P RSSI � P Noise ⟶ P error approaches 0.25.…”

“…Current localization methods rely on pairwise distance measurements between nodes, which can be obtained indirectly using the received signal strength RSSI. RSSI is also used in several applications to determine when the amount of radio energy is below a certain threshold as a function of position in order to give to node a clear to send [11][12][13][14].…”

Empirical and Modeling Approach for Environmental Indoor RF-EMF Assessment in Complex High-Node Density Scenarios: Public Shopping Malls Case Study

“…Moreover, the in-house developed 3D-RL code has been optimized in order to decrease processing time by means of hybrid simulation methodologies, as neural networks, or using collaborative filtering and the diffusion equation, enabling the evaluation of large complex heterogeneous environments [117][118][119]. In this sense, the simulation tool has been widely tested and validated for wireless propagation channel characterization and EMF exposure assessment in indoor and outdoor urban scenarios [120][121][122].…”

Trust Metrics Model for Distributed System Access Control

“…The design of the access control security model is mainly divided into two parts, the intra-domain access control module and the inter-domain access control module. The intra-domain access control module mainly includes: the basic maintenance of RBAC information (users, roles, resources), the loading of access control, and the mandatory access authentication (AEA) for visiting requests; the inter-domain access control module (ODM) includes: access control classifiers (ACS), external domain access control multi-agent system (role certificate issuance, management and communication between external domain access controllers), external domain role mapping and authority maintenance, access object security domain identification and maintenance of all security domain attribute information [14][15]. The model of the architecture is shown in Figure 1.…”