Implementation of a peer-mediated health education model in the United Arab Emirates: addressing risky behaviours among expatriate adolescents

Behaviour change techniques in physical activity‐focused interventions for young people at risk of problematic substance use: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“… Note : Sequence generation: SC = Sequence generation/randomization process not specified (Correia et al, 2005; Daniel et al, 2006; Everson et al, 2008; Fishbein et al, 2016; Janse Van Rensburg & Taylor, 2008; Lane et al, 2012; Murphy et al, 1986; Oh & Taylor, 2014; Rotheram‐Borus et al, 2016; Stanley et al, 2017; Wilson et al, 2018), manual allocation (Melamed et al, 2022); H = Baseline differences reported (Weinstock et al, 2014). Allocation concealment, randomization failures: SC = Not sufficiently specified (An et al, 2013; Correia et al, 2005; Daniel et al, 2006, 2007; Everson et al, 2008; Faulkner et al, 2010; Fishbein et al, 2016; Ho et al, 2014; Janse Van Rensburg & Taylor, 2008; Lane et al, 2012; Melamed et al, 2022; Murphy et al, 1986; Oh & Taylor, 2014; Rotheram‐Borus et al, 2016; Stanley et al, 2017; Taylor et al, 2005; Wilson et al, 2018), randomization issues reported (Ybarra et al, 2013); H = Randomization failures and baseline differences reported (Horn et al, 2011; Weinstock et al, 2014). Blinding, non‐protocol interventions/analyses: SC = Blinding unclear, no protocol for comparisons (An et al, 2013; Correia et al, 2005; Daniel et al, 2006, 2007; Everson et al, 2008; Ho et al, 2014; Horn et al, 2011; Kerr et al, 2013; Lane et al, 2012; Prince et al, 2020; Stanley et al, 2017; Taylor et al, 2005), SC = Blinding unclear, but no deviations from protocol visible (Weinstock et al, 2014; Weinstock et al, 2016), SC = Not blinded, but assessors blind to allocation (Parker et al, 2016); H = Blinding unlikely or no blinding, no protocol for comparisons (Faulk...…”

“…Blinding, non‐protocol interventions/analyses: SC = Blinding unclear, no protocol for comparisons (An et al, 2013; Correia et al, 2005; Daniel et al, 2006, 2007; Everson et al, 2008; Ho et al, 2014; Horn et al, 2011; Kerr et al, 2013; Lane et al, 2012; Prince et al, 2020; Stanley et al, 2017; Taylor et al, 2005), SC = Blinding unclear, but no deviations from protocol visible (Weinstock et al, 2014; Weinstock et al, 2016), SC = Not blinded, but assessors blind to allocation (Parker et al, 2016); H = Blinding unlikely or no blinding, no protocol for comparisons (Faulkner et al, 2010; Janse Van Rensburg & Taylor, 2008; Oh & Taylor, 2014; Wilson et al, 2018), no blinding, but no deviations from protocol visible (Fishbein et al, 2016; Melamed et al, 2022; Rotheram‐Borus et al, 2016), not blinded and drop‐outs due to group assignment (Murphy et al, 1986). Outcome assessment: SC = Data analysis methods not stated, not stated how HR was measured (Daniel et al, 2007), some participants not randomized and included in analysis (Ybarra et al, 2013); H = Assessment likely not standardized or validated (Lane et al, 2012; Murphy et al, 1986; Prince et al, 2020), reliability or validity of outcome assessment unclear in given cultural context (Stanley et al, 2017). Missing outcome data: SC = Unclear drop‐out rate, not ITT (Daniel et al, 2006; Ho et al, 2014), high levels of missing data, but ITT performed (Horn et al, 2011; Horn et al, 2013), medium drop‐out rate, no ITT (Prince et al, 2020), some participants not included in ITT analyses (Ybarra et al, 2013); H = High drop‐out rate, no ITT (Fishbein et al, 2016; Lane et al, 2012; Murphy et al, 1986), faulty reported drop‐out rate, no ITT (Oh & Taylor, 2014).…”

“…Allocation concealment, randomization failures: SC = Not sufficiently specified (An et al, 2013; Correia et al, 2005; Daniel et al, 2006, 2007; Everson et al, 2008; Faulkner et al, 2010; Fishbein et al, 2016; Ho et al, 2014; Janse Van Rensburg & Taylor, 2008; Lane et al, 2012; Melamed et al, 2022; Murphy et al, 1986; Oh & Taylor, 2014; Rotheram‐Borus et al, 2016; Stanley et al, 2017; Taylor et al, 2005; Wilson et al, 2018), randomization issues reported (Ybarra et al, 2013); H = Randomization failures and baseline differences reported (Horn et al, 2011; Weinstock et al, 2014). Blinding, non‐protocol interventions/analyses: SC = Blinding unclear, no protocol for comparisons (An et al, 2013; Correia et al, 2005; Daniel et al, 2006, 2007; Everson et al, 2008; Ho et al, 2014; Horn et al, 2011; Kerr et al, 2013; Lane et al, 2012; Prince et al, 2020; Stanley et al, 2017; Taylor et al, 2005), SC = Blinding unclear, but no deviations from protocol visible (Weinstock et al, 2014; Weinstock et al, 2016), SC = Not blinded, but assessors blind to allocation (Parker et al, 2016); H = Blinding unlikely or no blinding, no protocol for comparisons (Faulkner et al, 2010; Janse Van Rensburg & Taylor, 2008; Oh & Taylor, 2014; Wilson et al, 2018), no blinding, but no deviations from protocol visible (Fishbein et al, 2016; Melamed et al, 2022; Rotheram‐Borus et al, 2016), not blinded and drop‐outs due to group assignment (Murphy et al, 1986). Outcome assessment: SC = Data analysis methods not stated, not stated how HR was measured (Daniel et al, 2007), some participants not randomized and included in analysis (Ybarra et al, 2013); H = Assessment likely not standardized or validated (Lane et al, 2012; Murphy et al,…”

“…Missing outcome data: SC = Unclear drop‐out rate, not ITT (Daniel et al, 2006; Ho et al, 2014), high levels of missing data, but ITT performed (Horn et al, 2011; Horn et al, 2013), medium drop‐out rate, no ITT (Prince et al, 2020), some participants not included in ITT analyses (Ybarra et al, 2013); H = High drop‐out rate, no ITT (Fishbein et al, 2016; Lane et al, 2012; Murphy et al, 1986), faulty reported drop‐out rate, no ITT (Oh & Taylor, 2014). Selective outcome reporting: SC = Not all outcome data adequately reported (An et al, 2013; Fishbein et al, 2016; Janse Van Rensburg & Taylor, 2008; Melamed et al, 2022; Parker et al, 2016; Prapavessis et al, 2014; Taylor et al, 2005; Weinstock et al, 2014; Weinstock et al, 2016), adequate assessment is judged impossible (Correia et al, 2005; Daniel et al, 2006, 2007; Everson et al, 2008; Kerr et al, 2013; Rotheram‐Borus et al, 2016; Stanley et al, 2017); H = Selective outcome reporting (Ho et al, 2014; Lane et al, 2012; Prince et al, 2020), no assessment possible and use of non‐validated measurement tools (Murphy et al, 1986). Other resources of bias: SC = Unclear if adjustments were made for multiple comparisons (Murphy et al, 1986), bias reported in publication but not addressed how they were managed (Weinstock et al, 2014), blocked randomization in possibly unblinded study (Everson et al, 2008; Lane et al, 2012), small sample size, that was not powered to detect differences between the two groups (Ybarra et al, 2013), unclear management of study limitations (Wilson et al, 2018), unclear if adjustments performed and no descriptions of limitations (Fishbein et al, 2016; Ho et al, 2014), prospective randomized trial (Daniel et al, 2006; Prince et al, 2020).…”

“…There was a significant, standardized effect of reported BCTs aiming to increase physical activity participation on combined substance use Note: Sequence generation: SC = Sequence generation/randomization process not specified (Correia et al, 2005;Daniel et al, 2006;Everson et al, 2008;Fishbein et al, 2016;Janse Van Rensburg & Taylor, 2008;Lane et al, 2012;Murphy et al, 1986;Oh & Taylor, 2014;Rotheram-Borus et al, 2016;Stanley et al, 2017;Wilson et al, 2018), manual allocation (Melamed et al, 2022); H = Baseline differences reported (Weinstock et al, 2014). Allocation concealment, randomization failures: SC = Not sufficiently specified (An et al, 2013;Correia et al, 2005;Daniel et al, 2006Daniel et al, , 2007Everson et al, 2008;Faulkner et al, 2010;Fishbein et al, 2016;Ho et al, 2014;Janse Van Rensburg & Taylor, 2008;Lane et al, 2012;Melamed et al, 2022;Murphy et al, 1986;Oh & Taylor, 2014;Rotheram-Borus et al, 2016;Stanley et al, 2017;Taylor et al, 2005;Wilson et al, 2018), randomization issues reported (Ybarra et al, 2013); H = Randomization failures and baseline differences reported (Horn et al, 2011;Weinstock et al, 2014). Blinding, non-protocol interventions/analyses: SC = Blinding unclear, no protocol for comparisons (An et al, 2013;Correia et al, 2005;Daniel et al, 2006…”